马健, 虞昊, 罗小娟. 农业绿色发展视角下美国有机农业的成功经验与政策启示[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2022, 30(3): 470−483. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210509
引用本文: 马健, 虞昊, 罗小娟. 农业绿色发展视角下美国有机农业的成功经验与政策启示[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2022, 30(3): 470−483. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210509
MA J, YU H, LUO X J. Successful experience and policy inspirations of organic agriculture in the Unite States from the perspective of green development of agriculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2022, 30(3): 470−483. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210509
Citation: MA J, YU H, LUO X J. Successful experience and policy inspirations of organic agriculture in the Unite States from the perspective of green development of agriculture[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2022, 30(3): 470−483. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20210509

农业绿色发展视角下美国有机农业的成功经验与政策启示

Successful experience and policy inspirations of organic agriculture in the Unite States from the perspective of green development of agriculture

  • 摘要: 发展有机农业有利于恢复生态平衡, 是提升农产品质量安全、实现我国农业绿色发展以及全面推进乡村振兴战略的重要方式之一。美国自20世纪40年代开始发展有机农业, 如今已在生产销售、贸易互动、认证管理、补贴与科研等各方面取得了一定的成效。其主要经验包括一方面坚持以农业法案的完善为核心, 构筑农业可持续发展的法理基础; 通过财政补贴的方式实施有机农业援助项目, 降低有机转换成本, 鼓励农户从事有机农业。另一方面, 不断创新有机技术理论, 提高有机科研水平; 积极推动有机标准国际认证认可, 打造全球第一的市场规模, 提升有机农业国际化水平。尽管如此, 美国有机农业在国家农业布局中仍属小众化产业, 有机农地面积和农场数量占全国的比例较低, 在各州的分布也不均衡, 西部、中西部和东北部有机农业发展明显优于南部。同时, 有机农产品进出口贸易结构也存在一定的失衡。本文认为出现以上问题的主要原因是美国有机农业经营成本较高、有机农产品竞争优势不强以及技术支持与财政投入力度有限等。基于此, 对我国有机农业的高质量发展提出以下建议: 培育新型有机农业经营主体, 拓宽有机产品营销渠道; 树立顶层设计理念, 构建精准的政策支持体系; 推进有机农业立法, 加强科研投入与技术创新; 健全有机认证制度, 积极推进国际认证认可。

     

    Abstract: The development of organic agriculture is conducive to restoring the ecological balance; it is also important in improving the quality and safety of agricultural products, realizing the green development of agriculture, and comprehensively promoting rural revitalization in China. To achieve the overall sustainable development of agriculture, the United States began organic agriculture development in the 1940s. After more than 80 years, some progress has been made, notably in six areas: production, market sales, trade interaction, standard certification management, financial subsidies, and scientific research. The main experience of United States organic agriculture includes improving agricultural legislation to build the legal basis of sustainable agricultural development, implementing organic agriculture assistance projects through financial subsidies to reduce production costs during organic conversion, and encouraging farmers to choose organic agriculture. In addition, innovations in organic technology and improvements in organic scientific research are critical to the industry. At the same time, the international certification and recognition of organic standards have been actively promoted, the world’s first market scale has been created, and the internationalization level of organic agriculture has been improved. However, organic agriculture in the United States is still a small industry under the national agricultural layout, especially regarding the area of organic agricultural land. Moreover, the number of organic farms accounts for a low proportion in the whole country, and their distribution in various states is uneven. For instance, the scale of organic farmland and the number of organic farms in the West, Midwest, and Northeast are clearly better than those in the South. Meanwhile, there is also an imbalance in the import and export trade structures of organic agricultural products. Therefore, under the data analysis and literature review, this paper believes that there are three main reasons for the above problems in the United States: the high operating cost of organic agriculture, the weak competitive advantage of organic agricultural products, and the limited technical support and financial investment. Based on these outcomes, the following suggestions are put forward for the high-quality development of organic agriculture in China: first, cultivating new organic agriculture business organizations and broadening the marketing channels of organic products; second, establishing the top-level design concept and building an accurate policy support system; third, promoting organic agriculture legislation, strengthening scientific research investment and technological innovation, and improving the organic certification system and promoting international certification and accreditation actively.

     

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