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摘要: 地球关键带是大气圈、水圈、生物圈、岩石圈、土壤圈相互作用并发生物质迁移转化的区域, 也是决定人类社会生存和发展的关键区域。我国学者根据土地利用的差异对地球关键带开展了分类, 其中农田关键带是人类活动影响最为强烈的一类。但已有研究更多考虑的是地表要素, 包含包气带和含水层方面的要素较少, 对关键带地下部分的属性关注不够。华北平原作为我国重要粮食高产区, 地下水超采严重, 农业生产引起的环境污染风险日益引发关注。开展农田关键带分类研究可以为该区域地下水水量/水质演化及保护提供基础科学支撑。本研究综合考虑华北平原的第四纪沉积物特征、浅层地下水埋深、地下水矿化度以及农业土地利用类型等要素, 在遵循综合性原则和主导因素原则的基础上, 制定了华北平原农田关键带三级分类方案。通过使用叠置法对分类要素进行叠加和合并, 提出了华北平原农田关键带的分类方案, 将华北平原分为38个农田关键带类型。本研究对于深入认识农业活动对地下水环境的影响具有重要意义。Abstract: The Earth’s critical zone is an area where water and solutes, as well as energy, gases, solids, and organisms, are exchanged among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and pedosphere, creating a life-sustaining environment for human society. In the vertical direction, the Earth’s critical zone goes up to the plant canopy and down through soil layers, unsaturated vadose zones, and saturated aquifers. Laterally, the Earth’s critical zones include not only weathered loose strata but also lakes, rivers, shallow marine environments, and vegetation. Earth’s critical zone studies mostly focus on the interaction between air, water, organisms, soil, surface rocks, and soil, integrating aboveground and belowground, time and space, and living and abiotic factors. This provides a basis for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of complex terrestrial ecosystems and interdisciplinary research. The critical zones of the Earth are classified according to the differences in land use, among which the agricultural critical zone is the most strongly affected by human activities. However, most studies only consider surface function elements, without considering the important elements in the vadose zone and aquifers. The North China Plain (NCP) is a highly productive region where groundwater overexploitation and pollution are the major concerns. The crop-soil-aquifer critical zone perspective can provide new ideas for groundwater protection. Classification of the agricultural critical zone is the early basis for the study of regional groundwater volume/quality evolution and spatial differences. However, there has been little research on the classification of critical agricultural zones in the NCP. The classification of the agricultural critical zones in the NCP refers to the scheme for a comprehensive natural zone to a certain extent. By analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of the area and other information, combined with regional characteristics, the new classification followed the principles of comprehensiveness and dominant factors were developed with a three-level classification scheme for agricultural critical zones in the NCP by comprehensively considering the quaternary geology and geomorphology, shallow groundwater salinity, groundwater table depth, and agricultural land use factors. Taking the NCP as an example, agricultural critical zone zoning and mapping were carried out using the superposition method to superimpose and merge the classification elements, and an agricultural zone classification scheme was proposed. Finally, the results of this study divided the agricultural critical zone in the North China Plain into three first-level units, 13 second-level units, and 38 third-level units. This study has important reference significance for promoting the development of Earth critical zones, systematically understanding agricultural activities and their impacts on critical zone processes, and conducting research on the integrated management of regional groundwater and natural resources based on protection.
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图 1 华北平原农田关键带划分指标的空间分布特征
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of division indexes of agricultural critical zone in the North China Plain
图 2 华北平原农田关键带第二级分区空间分布
Ⅰ-2: middle deep buried fresh water alluvial-proluvial plain; Ⅰ-3: deep buried fresh water alluvial-proluvial plain; Ⅰ-5: middle deep buried brackish water alluvial-proluvial plain; Ⅱ-1: shallow buried freshwater alluvial plain; Ⅱ-2: middle deep buried freshwater alluvial plain; Ⅱ-3: deep buried freshwater alluvial plain; Ⅱ-4: shallow buried brackish water alluvial plain; Ⅱ-5: medium deep buried brackish water alluvial plain; Ⅱ-6: deep buried brackish water alluvial plain; Ⅱ-7: shallow buried salt water alluvial plain; Ⅱ-8: middle deep buried salt water alluvial plain; Ⅲ-4: shallow buried brackish water marine plain; Ⅲ-7: shallow buried salt water marine plain.
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of the second level of agricultural critical zone in the North China Plain
图 3 华北平原农田关键带第三级分区空间分布
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of the third level of agricultural critical zone (CZ) in the North China Plain
Ⅰ-21: alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried in the freshwater grain agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-22: alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried in the freshwater forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-24: alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried freshwater vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-31: alluvial-proluvial deep buried freshwater grain agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-32: alluvial-proluvial deep buried freshwater forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-34: alluvial-proluvial deep buried freshwater vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-51: alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried brackish water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅰ-54: alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried brackish water vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-11: alluvial shallow buried freshwater grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-21: alluvial middle deep buried freshwater grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-22: alluvial middle deep buried freshwater forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-23: alluvial middle deep buried freshwater cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-24: alluvial middle deep buried freshwater vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-31: alluvial deep buried freshwater grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-41: alluvial shallow buried brackish water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-42: alluvial shallow buried brackish water forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-44: alluvial shallow buried brackish vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-51: alluvial middle deep buried brackish water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-52: alluvial middle deep buried brackish water forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-53: alluvial middle deep buried brackish water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-54: alluvial middle deep buried brackish water vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-61: alluvial deep buried brackish water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-62: alluvial deep buried brackish water forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-63: alluvial deep buried brackish water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-64: alluvial deep buried brackish water vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-71: alluvial shallow buried salt water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-72: alluvial shallow buried salt water forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-73: alluvial shallow buried salt water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-74: alluvial shallow buried salt water vegetable field agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-81: alluvial middle deep buried salt water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-82: alluvial middle deep buried salt water forest and fruit agricultural CZ; Ⅱ-83: alluvial middle deep buried salt water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅲ-41: marine shallow buried brackish water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅲ-43: marine shallow buried brackish water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅲ-70: marine saline alkali wasteland agricultural CZ; Ⅲ-71: marine shallow buried salt water grain agricultural CZ; Ⅲ-73: marine shallow buried salt water cotton agricultural CZ; Ⅳ: non-cultivated land.
表 1 华北平原农田关键带分类层次及类型
Table 1. Classification levels and type characteristics of agricultural critical zones in the North China Plain
级别
Level第一级
First level第二级
Second level第三级
Third level包含要素
Contain element地质地貌
Geology and geomorphology地下水矿化度、浅层地下水埋深
Groundwater salinity, shallow groundwater depth农作物类型
Crop type类型
Type冲积平原、冲洪积平原、
海积平原
Alluvial plain, alluvial-proluvial plain, marine plain淡水、微咸水、咸水；
浅埋、中深埋、深埋
Freshwater, brackish water, salt water;
shallow buried, middle deep buried, deep buried小麦/玉米、棉花、菜地、
林果、水稻
Wheat / corn, cotton, vegetable,
forest and fruit, rice单元种类
Types of units3 13 38 编码举例
Coding exampleⅡ
冲积平原 Alluvial plainⅡ-3
深埋淡水冲积平原区
Alluvial plain with deep buried freshwaterⅡ-31
冲积型深埋淡水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial deep buried freshwater grain agricultural critical zone
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 占总面积百分比前10的华北平原农田关键带第三级分区分布
Table 2. Distribution of the third level zones with top 10 area proportion of the total arae of agricultural critical zone in the North China Plain
第三级分区
Third division面积比
Area proportion (%)编码
Code冲积型中深埋微咸水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial middle deep buried brackish water grain agricultural critical zone17.74 Ⅱ-51 冲洪积型深埋淡水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial-proluvial deep buried freshwater grain agricultural critical zone13.02 Ⅰ-31 冲积型中深埋淡水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial middle deep buried freshwater grain agricultural critical zone12.99 Ⅱ-21 冲积型浅埋微咸水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial shallow brackish water grain agricultural critical zone5.84 Ⅱ-41 冲洪积型中深埋淡水林果农田关键带
Alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried in the freshwater forest and fruit agricultural critical zone4.63 Ⅰ-22 冲积型深埋微咸水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial deep buried brackish water grain agricultural critical zone3.97 Ⅱ-61 冲洪积型中深埋淡水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial-proluvial middle deep buried in the freshwater grain agricultural critical zone3.31 Ⅰ-21 冲积型深埋淡水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial deep buried freshwater grain agricultural critical zone3.29 Ⅱ-31 冲积型中深埋微咸水棉花农田关键带
Alluvial middle deep buried brackish water cotton agricultural critical zone2.81 Ⅱ-53 冲积型中深埋咸水谷物农田关键带
Alluvial middle deep buried salt water grain agricultural critical zone2.45 Ⅱ-81
下载: 导出CSV
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