Soil nitrate-N distribution, leaching loss and nitrogen uptake and utilization of maize under drip irrigation in different precipitation years
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摘要: 为寻找满足宁夏地区滴灌条件下不同降水年型的科学施肥模式, 缓解不合理施氮导致的资源浪费、黄河水质下降和地下水污染等问题, 于2018—2020年在宁夏平吉堡农场开展氮梯度试验, 分析不同降水年型下不同施氮处理土壤硝态氮残留和淋溶量以及对滴灌玉米氮素吸收利用和产量的影响。结果表明: 土壤硝态氮含量峰值与降水量密切相关, 丰水年(2018年)硝态氮残留量峰值在40~60 cm土层, 枯水年(2019年和2020年)在20~40 cm土层; 不同降水年型土壤硝态氮残留量和淋失量均随施氮量的增加而增加, 且降水量显著影响硝态氮淋失量; 丰水年由降水因素导致的硝态氮淋失量占总淋失量的50.62%, 枯水年占总淋失量的34.82%。回归分析结果表明, 不同降水年型玉米产量随施氮量呈先上升后下降的趋势, 均在N3处理(施N量为270 kg∙hm−2)下达最高产量, 且N3处理的产量和吸氮量与N4处理(施N量为360 kg∙hm−2)无显著差异; 丰水年N3处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力比N4处理分别提升11.38%、6.16 kg∙kg−1和13.85 kg∙kg−1, 枯水年分别提升12.10%、5.06 kg∙kg−1和15.00 kg∙kg−1。综合考量不同降水年型0~100 cm土层硝态氮分布特征和硝态氮淋失量及施氮处理下的产量、氮素吸收利用, 推荐宁夏引黄灌区滴灌玉米不同降水年型下施氮量在270 kg∙hm−2时较适宜, 丰水年施氮最大阈值为275.59 kg∙hm−2 , 枯水年施氮最大阈值为320.20 kg∙hm−2。Abstract: To improve crop yield, excessive nitrogen usage in agricultural production has become increasingly important in recent years. Excessive nitrogen use increases soil nitrate-N accumulation and water pollution, and nitrogen leaching loss varies with precipitation year. It is of great significance to clarify the scientific fertilization model in different precipitation year types under drip irrigation in Ningxia to alleviate the problems of resource waste, water quality decline in the Yellow River, and groundwater pollution caused by unreasonable nitrogen usage. In this study, a 3-year nitrogen gradient experiment was carried out in the Pingjipu Farm, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, with five nitrogen application treatments: 360 kg∙hm−2 (N4), 270 kg∙hm−2 (N3), 180 kg∙hm−2 (N2), 90 kg∙hm−2 (N1), and 0 kg∙hm−2 (N0), to analyze the effects of different nitrogen fertilization treatments on soil nitrate-N residues and leaching amounts, as well as on nitrogen uptake, utilization, and yield of maize under drip irrigation in rainy and dry years. The results showed that the peak value of soil nitrate-N content was closely related to precipitation; the peak value of nitrate-N residue was in the 40–60 cm soil layer in the rainy year (2018), and in the 20–40 cm soil layer in the dry years (2019 and 2020). In different precipitation years, soil nitrate-N residues, and leaching increased with the increased nitrogen usage and reached the maximum value under the N4 treatment. Precipitation significantly affected nitrate leaching, and in rainy years, the nitrate-N leaching loss caused by precipitation accounted for 50.62% of the total leaching loss, while in the dry year accounted for 34.82% of the total leaching loss. The regression analysis showed that maize yield initially increased and then decreased by the application rate of nitrogen in different precipitation years. The maximum yield was found under 270 kg∙hm−2 (N3) in different precipitation years, and the yield and nitrogen uptake under the N3 treatment did not differ from 360 kg∙hm−2 (N4). In rainy year, compared with N4, the utilization rate, agronomic utilization rate, and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity increased by 11.38%, 6.16 kg∙kg−1, and 13.85 kg∙kg−1; and in dry years, they were increased by 12.10%, 5.06 kg∙kg−1, and 15.00 kg∙kg−1, respectively. In summary, when the nitrogen application rate was 270 kg∙hm−2, the yield, nitrogen uptake, and utilization of maize in rainy and dry years were maintained at a high level, and the amount of nitrate leaching was also within an acceptable range. It is recommended that 270 kg∙hm−2 is the appropriate nitrogen application rate for maize under different precipitation patterns in the Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area. The maximum threshold of nitrogen usage in the rainy year is 275.59 kg∙hm−2, and that in the dry year is 320.20 kg∙hm−2. The results from this study can provide a theoretical basis for the decision of scientific nitrogen application in different precipitation years of drip-irrigated maize in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
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图 1 2018年(A)、2019年(B)和2020年(C)玉米生长季(4—9月)降水量和日均气温
Figure 1. Rainfall and daily mean temperature during maize growing seasons (from April to September) in 2018 (A), 2019 (B) and 2020 (C)
图 2 2018—2020年施氮量对玉米播前(S)和收获后(H) 0~100 cm土层硝态氮分布的影响
N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别表示施氮量为0 kg∙hm−2、90 kg∙hm−2、180 kg∙hm−2、270 kg∙hm−2、360 kg∙hm−2。“**”表示不同处理间差异极显著(P<0.01), “ns”表示不同处理间差异不显著。N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg∙hm−2, 90 kg∙hm−2, 180 kg∙hm−2, 270 kg∙hm−2 and 360 kg∙hm−2, respectively. “**” means significant difference among treatments at P<0.01 level. “ns” means no significant difference among treatments.
Figure 2. Effects of nitrogen application rates on nitrate-N distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer before sowing (S) and after harvest (H) of maize from 2018 to 2020
图 3 2018—2020年不同施氮量下玉米生长季(4—9月)农田土壤硝态氮总淋失量(T)和灌溉(I)、降水(R)导致的土壤硝态氮淋失量
N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别表示施氮量为0 kg∙hm−2、90 kg∙hm−2、180 kg∙hm−2、270 kg∙hm−2、360 kg∙hm−2。不同小写字母表示不同年份间差异显著(P<0.05), “**”和“*”分别表示在P<0.01和P<0.05水平不同施氮处理间差异显著。N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg∙hm−2, 90 kg∙hm−2, 180 kg∙hm−2, 270 kg∙hm−2 and 360 kg∙hm−2, respectively. “**” and “*” indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.01 and P<0.05 levels, respectively. Different lowercase letters show significant differences among different years (P<0.05).
Figure 3. Total (T) and irrigation (I) and rainfall (R) induced soil nitrate-N leaching losses in maize growing seasons (April to September) under different nitrogen application treatments from 2018 to 2020
图 4 丰水年(2018年)和枯水年(2019—2020年)玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、硝态氮淋失量与施氮量回归分析
REN: 氮肥回收利用率; AEN: 氮肥农学效率; PFPN: 氮肥偏生产力; N uptake: 吸氮量; Nitrate-N leaching: 硝态氮淋失量; N threshold: 硝态氮淋失量阈值。枯水年数据为2019和2020年平均值。REN: recovery efficiency of nitrogen; AEN: agronomic efficiency of nitrogen; PFPN: partial-factor productivity of nitrogen; N uptake: nitrogen uptake; Nitrate-N leaching: nitrate-N leaching loss; N threshold: nitrate-N leaching threshold. The regression data of dry years are the average values of 2019 and 2020.
Figure 4. Regression analysis of maize yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization, nitrate-N leaching and nitrogen application in rainy year (2018) and dry year (2019 and 2020)
表 1 试验地土壤理化性质
Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of the tested soils
土层
Soil layer
(cm)pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g∙kg−1)全氮
Total N
(g∙kg−1)全磷
Total P
(g∙kg−1)全钾
Total K
(g∙kg−1)碱解氮
Available N
(mg∙kg−1)速效磷
Available P
(mg∙kg−1)速效钾
Available K
(mg∙kg−1)容重
Bulk density
(g∙cm−3)0~20 7.81 12.31 0.78 0.54 3.32 38.03 19.37 101.82 1.31 20~40 7.95 5.46 0.52 0.34 3.45 18.45 17.37 86.45 1.35 40~60 7.98 2.36 0.36 0.26 3.36 12.55 14.36 44.67 1.32 60~80 7.94 1.45 0.23 0.17 3.28 8.36 8.36 27.74 1.29 80~100 7.86 1.52 0.18 0.19 3.24 5.48 4.32 12.36 1.30 
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表 2 玉米不同生育期各试验处理的肥料(纯N-P-K)施用量和总施N量
Table 2. Application rates of fertilizers (N-P-K) at different growth stages of maize and total N application rate of each treatment
kg∙hm−2 处理
Treatment总施氮量
Total N application rate纯N-P-K施用量 Application rate of N-P-K 苗期 Seedling stage 拔节期 Jointing stage 抽雄期 Tasseling stage 灌浆期 Grouting period N0 0 0-13.8-12 0-62.1-54 0-27.6-24 0-34.5-30 N1 90 9-13.8-12 40.5-62.1-54 18-27.6-24 22.5-34.5-30 N2 180 18-13.8-12 81-62.1-54 36-27.6-24 45-34.5-30 N3 270 27-13.8-12 121.5-62.1-54 54-27.6-24 67.5-34.5-30 N4 360 36-13.8-12 162-62.1-54 72-27.6-24 90-34.5-30
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表 3 2018—2020年滴灌玉米产量、氮素吸收量及利用率
Table 3. Yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization rate of drip irrigated maize in 2018−2020
年份
Year处理
Treatment产量
Yield
(kg·hm−2)吸氮量
Nitrogen uptake
(kg·hm−2)氮肥回收利用率
Recovery efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer
(%)氮肥农学效率
Agronomic efficiency
of nitrogen fertilizer (kg·kg−1)氮肥偏生产力
Partial-factor productivity
of nitrogen fertilizer (kg·kg−1)2018 N0 8309.60±150.89Bd 79.51±2.28Bd N1 10 305.84±156.17Bc 145.87±1.74Bc 57.03±3.17Ba 22.18±0.06Ba 114.51±0.62Ba N2 12 018.66±154.97Bb 185.39±3.51Bb 51.61±3.08Bab 20.61±0.50Ba 66.77±0.31Bb N3 12 969.88±34.21Ba 219.93±1.01Ba 48.20±0.58Bb 17.26±0.20Ab 48.04±0.13Ac N4 12 308.23±192.14Bab 223.16±1.61Ba 36.92±0.57Bc 11.10±0.15Bc 34.19±0.26Bd 2019 N0 8579.71±100.67Ad 104.44±1.58Ad N1 10 934.31±149.99Ac 155.77±1.34Ac 73.73±1.84Aa 26.16±1.30Aa 121.49±1.67Aa N2 12 463.31±176.19Ab 197.35±5.01Ab 55.73±0.95Ab 21.58±0.46Ab 69.24±0.98Ab N3 13 203.78±28.46Aa 234.59±2.36Aa 52.00±0.94Ab 17.13±0.28Ac 48.90±0.10Ac N4 12 925.42±95.03Aab 237.36±1.20Aa 39.90±0.67Ac 12.07±0.14Ad 35.90±0.26Ad 2020 N0 8312.06±131.36Bd 121.36±3.88Ad N1 10 507.22±189.18Ac 189.18±2.09Ac 75.36±2.03Aa 24.39±1.24Aa 116.75±1.09Aa N2 12 156.17±218.39Ab 218.39±4.31Ab 53.91±3.58Ab 21.36±1.31Ab 67.53±1.14Ab N3 13 294.24±237.82aA 237.82±1.52Aa 46.51±1.51Cc 18.45±0.95Ac 49.24±0.46Ac N4 12 786.96±68.09Aab 246.71±1.54Aa 34.82±1.51Bd 12.43±0.45Ad 35.52±0.19Ad 方差分析 ANOVA 降水年型 Rainfall year (R) 37.43** 62.69** 32.70** 21.12** 20.48** 施氮量 N application rate (N) 995.78** 272.79** 159.37** 288.76** 5447.23** R×N 1.62ns 0.70ns 19.51** 3.54* 2.81ns N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别表示施氮量为0 kg∙hm−2、90 kg∙hm−2、180 kg∙hm−2、270 kg∙hm−2、360 kg∙hm−2。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同施氮处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同大写字母表示不同年份同一施氮处理差异显著(P<0.05)。“**”和“*”分别表示不同处理间在P<0.01和P<0.05水平差异显著; “ns”表示不同处理间差异不显著。N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg∙hm−2, 90 kg∙hm−2, 180 kg∙hm−2, 270 kg∙hm−2 and 360 kg∙hm−2, respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen treatments in the same year (P<0.05), and different capital letters indicate significant differences among different years under the same nitrogen treatment (P<0.05). “**” and “*” mean significant differences among different treatments at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively. “ns” means no significant difference among treatments.
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表 4 不同降水年型施氮量(x)与土壤硝态氮淋失量和玉米产量、吸氮量、氮肥利用率的回归方程
Table 4. Regression models of nitrogen application rate (x) with soil nitrate-N leaching, maize yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in different rainfall years
年份 Year 项目 Item (y) 回归方程 Regression equation R2 丰水年 Rainy year 硝态氮淋失量 Nitrate nitrogen leaching y=5.40×10–2x+3.52 0.984** 产量 Yield y=−0.05x2+30.72x+8195.93 0.979** 吸氮量 Nitrogen uptake y=−1.00×10–3x2+0.87x+78.66 0.997** 氮肥偏生产力 Partial-factor productivity of nitrogen y=−0.23x+111.93 0.820* 氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen y=−3.90×10–2x+25.73 0.960** 氮肥回收率 Recovery efficiency of nitrogen y=−1.04×10–2x+75.07 0.892** 枯水年 Dry years 硝态氮淋失量 Nitrate nitrogen leaching y=0.050x+2.39 0.997** 产量 Yield y=−5.70×10–2x2+33.07x+8365.58 0.993** 吸氮量 Nitrogen uptake y=−1.10×10–4x2+0.74x+113.53 0.999** 氮肥偏生产力 Partial-factor productivity of nitrogen y=−0.21x+107.43 0.804* 氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen y=−5.10×10–2x+30.58 0.983** 氮肥回收率 Recovery efficiency of nitrogen y=−0.13x+83.58 0.958** *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01
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