Responses of yield traits and grain filling characteristics of maize to sowing dates and their relationships with meteorological factors
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摘要: 本文通过研究限水灌溉条件下, 播期对一作玉米产量、产量性状和籽粒灌浆特性的影响及阶段气象因子与产量、产量性状及灌浆参数的相关关系, 探讨播期对一年一作玉米产量的影响机制, 为低平原区玉米高产高效生产提供数据支撑。试验采用‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’ 两个玉米品种, 设置5个播期: 5月5日(SD1)、5月20日(SD2)、6月5日(SD3)、6月20日(SD4)和6月30日(SD5)。结果表明: 1)播期对产量影响显著, 且受品种和年型综合影响。随播期的延后, 产量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 两年平均以SD1产量最低, SD4产量最高, SD3和SD4间产量差异不显著。SD4产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重较高。2)通径分析表明, 产量要素对产量的贡献相互影响, 其中对产量直接作用最大的是百粒重。3)采用Logistic模型研究粒重变化特征(R2>0.98, P＜0.01) , 粒重的大小由平均灌浆速率(V)和灌浆持续期(D)的乘积决定, 其中D对粒重的直接贡献最大。4)从气象因子对产量和百粒重的影响来看, 播种到吐丝的日平均气温(TAvsf)越高, 吐丝到成熟的日均温差(TRAvfm)越大, 产量越高; 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数(D1fa)越多, 吐丝到成熟的日均气温(TAvfm)越高, 产量和百粒重越低; 其中TAvfm对产量和百粒重的直接贡献最大, 且各气象因子对产量和百粒重的作用相互影响。SD1粒重较低的主要原因是TAvfm高、TRAvfm小, 且D1fa高, D较短。SD3和SD4 粒重较高的主要原因是TRAvsf较大, V、D较高。SD5虽然TRAvfm较大, 但因TAvfm较低, 总体D缩短, 最终粒重降低。5)从品种来看, ‘先玉 335’较‘郑单 958’产量高的主要原因是穗粒数和百粒重高, 且‘先玉 335’的V和V×D分别较‘郑单958’高0.19 mg∙grain−1∙d−1和0.73 mg∙grain−1∙d−1。这说明选用产量潜力大、灌浆速率高的品种, 在6月上旬到6月中下旬播种可优化生育期气象要素, 进而提高粒重和产量。Abstract: This study discussed the influence of sowing dates on maize yield. Under the condition of limited water irrigation, the effects of different sowing dates on yield, yield traits, and grain-filling characteristics of maize of one crop cultivation per year, and the correlation of meteorological factors with yield, yield traits, and grain-filling parameters of maize were studied to provide data-based support for high yield and high-efficiency production in low-plain areas. ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘Zhengdan 958’ were used in the experiment. Five sowing dates were set: May 5 (SD1), May 20 (SD2), June 5 (SD3), June 20 (SD4), and June 30 (SD5). The results showed that: 1) the sowing date had a significant effect on maize yield, which was affected by variety and climate. The grain yield increased initially, followed by a subsequent decrease with the extension of sowing dates. The two-year average yield of SD1 was the lowest, and that of SD4 was the highest. The difference in yield between SD3 and SD4 was not significant. The high yield of SD4 was mainly due to the high grain number per spike and the 100-grain weight. 2) Path analysis showed that the contribution of yield factors to yield affected each other, and the most direct effect on yield was 100-grain weight. 3) For the variation characteristics of grain weight described by the Logistic model, the determination coefficient, R2, was above 0.98, and the difference was significant at P<0.01. The grain weight was determined by the average grain-filling rate (V) and grain-filling duration (D), and D had the largest direct contribution to the grain weight. 4) From the effect of meteorological factors on yield and yield components, the higher the daily average temperature from sowing to silking and the larger the daily temperature difference (TRAvfm) from silking to maturity, the higher the yield. The more days that had temperatures ≥35 ℃ (D1fa) after 10 days of silking, the higher the daily average temperature (TAvfm) from silking to maturity, and the lower the yield and 100-grain weight. TAvfm had the largest direct contribution to the yield and 100-grain weight, and the effects of various meteorological factors on the yield and grain weight were mutually affected. The main reason for the lower grain weight of SD1 was that the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ during the whole growth period and the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ℃ from sowing to silking were higher, TAvfm was higher, TRAvfm was smaller, the days of D1fa were higher, and D was shorter. SD3 and SD4 had larger TRAvfm, higher V and D values, and higher grain weights. Although the sowing date of SD5 was relatively late, the lower TAvfm resulted in a decrease in the accumulated temperature from silking to maturity, and the filling stage was shortened, thereby reducing the final grain weight. 5) In terms of varieties, the main reasons for the higher yield of ‘Xianyu 335’ compared with ‘Zhengdan 958’ were the higher grain number per spike and 100-grain weight, and the product of V and V×D of ‘Xianyu 335’ were 0.19 mg·grain−1 and 0.73 mg·grain−1 higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’, respectively. This showed that selecting varieties with high yield potential and a high filling rate and sowing from early June to middle and late June could optimize meteorological factors during the growth period, thereby increasing grain weight and yield.
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图 1 2017—2018年试验期间日平均气温和日均温差情况
Figure 1. Daily average air temperature and daily temperature range during maize growing seasons in 2017–2018
图 2 2017—2018年试验期间日降雨量和日照时数情况
Figure 2. Daily precipitation and daily sunshine duration during maize growing seasons in 2017–2018
图 3 2017年和2018年不同播期下玉米品种‘先玉335’(XY335)和‘郑单958’(ZD958)籽粒灌浆拟合曲线
SD1、SD2、SD3、SD4和SD5分别指播期为5月5日、5月20日、6月5日、6月20日和 6月30日。
Figure 3. Fitting curves of grain filling rate of maize varieties ‘Xianyu335’ (XY335) and ‘Zhengdan958’ (ZD958) sown at different dates in 2017 and 2018
SD1, SD2, SD3, SD4, and SD5 are sowing date of May 5, May 20, June 5, June 20 and June 30, respectively.
表 1 2017年和2018年播期对不同品种玉米产量和产量性状的影响
Table 1. Effects of sowing date on yield and yield components of different maize varieties in 2017 and 2018
年份
Year品种
Variety播期(月-日)
Sowing date
(month-day)穗粒数
Grain number
per ear百粒重
100-grain
weight (g)有效株数
Effective number of
plants (×104 plant·hm−2)产量
Yield
(kg·hm−2)2017 先玉 335
Xianyu 33505-05 658.6±13.3a 24.2±0.9c 6.3±0.05c 9506.2±195.6c 05-20 454.9±24.5c 41.3±0.7a 6.5±0.03b 12 572.9±112.8a 06-05 524.2±13.7b 36.8±0.5b 6.7±0.00a 12 290.0±544.5a 06-20 456.4±9.8c 40.1±0.9a 6.7±0.03a 12 159.0±138.3a 06-30 473.0±11.7c 36.3±0.6b 6.6±0.00a 10 603.6±230.2b 郑单 958
Zhengdan 95805-05 459.0±26.2b 32.8±0.6c 6.5±0.02b 9146.8±285.8b 05-20 540.6±3.6a 34.8±0.8bc 6.7±0.00a 11 813.5±265.9a 06-05 523.8±14.7a 35.5±0.2b 6.5±0.03b 12 110.5±611.6a 06-20 498.2±23.1ab 38.9±1.0a 6.7±0.01a 11 590.9±353.1a 06-30 493.0±10.9ab 33.5±1.0bc 6.6±0.01b 9948.9±301.1b 2018 先玉 335
Xianyu 33505-05 488.9±11.2a 33.5±0.1b 6.4±0.04 9527.7±369.1c 05-20 494.3±18.3a 31.8±0.4b 6.5±0.04bc 10 050.8±409.9c 06-05 446.4±17.0b 40.9±0.6a 6.7±0.02a 11 222.3±135.7b 06-20 518.1±8.2a 40.2±0.4a 6.6±0.02ab 12 917.1±255.6a 06-30 493.9±14.9a 39.9±0.9a 6.1±0.08d 11 655.5±42.4b 郑单 958
Zhengdan 95805-05 495.5±1.7a 28.3±0.1e 6.5±0.04bc 8510.7±106.5c 05-20 410.2±14.6b 30.0±0.4d 6.5±0.04bc 7676.3±204.3d 06-05 481.3±1.9a 37.3±0.2a 6.7±0.04a 11 238.5±115.8a 06-20 510.6±2.2a 35.3±1.0b 6.4±0.00c 11 566.6±343.0a 06-30 485.5±13.0ab 32.4±0.2c 6.6±0.02ab 10 101.5±260.7b 因素 Factor F值 F value 年际 Year (A) 15.1** 2.6 30.6** 29.6** 播期 Sowing date (B) 6.4** 109.7** 29.9** 58.1** 品种 Variety (C) 2.8 78.1** 10.4** 43.3** A×B 9.4** 38.8** 16.0** 27.9** A×C 0.0 44.3** 3.6 7.9** B×C 10.7** 15.9** 18.8** 3.4* A×B×C 21.7** 24.8** 22.6** 1.2 不同小写字母表示该品种在当年不同播期间差异显著。**和*表示P<0.01和P<0.05水平差异显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different sowing dates in the same year for the same variety. ** and * indicate significance at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively. 
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表 2 玉米产量三要素与产量的通径分析
Table 2. Path analysis of three factors of yield and yield
因子
Factor相关系数
Correlation coefficient直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient 通过x1 Through x1 通过x2 Through x2 通过x3 Through x3 x1 0.1276 0.5950** −0.4451 −0.0223 x2 0.7968** 1.0267** −0.2578 0.0280 x3 0.2529 0.1033 −0.1288 0.2783 剩余通径系数=0.2826, n=20。x1: 穗粒数, x2: 百粒重, x3: 有效株数。**表示P<0.01。The residual path coefficient is 0.2826, n=20. x1, x2 and x3 represent grains number per ear, 100-grain weight, number of effective plants, respectively. ** indicates significance at the level of P<0.01.
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表 3 试验期间不同播期对不同玉米品种产量和产量性状影响显著的气象因子状况
Table 3. Status of meteorological factors significantly impacting yield and yield components of different maize varieties in 2017 and 2018
年份 Year 播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) 品种 Variety TAvsf (℃) Fsf (mm) TAvfm (℃) TRAvfm (℃) Ssf (h·d–1) D1fa (d) D2fa (d) 2017 05-05 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 25.0 146.0 26.0 9.4 10.4 7 7 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 25.1 174.8 25.5 9.5 10.4 6 7 05-20 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 26.3 217.9 24.3 10.6 9.7 1 2 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 26.4 285.1 24.0 10.6 9.7 1 1 06-05 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 26.9 221.0 21.6 11.1 8.3 1 3 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 26.9 122.3 21.0 11.1 8.4 1 2 06-20 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 27.3 156.0 19.5 10.5 8.0 0 1 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 27.3 128.5 19.3 10.5 8.0 0 1 06-30 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 27.3 214.1 18.3 10.8 7.5 0 1 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 27.2 284.1 18.3 10.8 7.5 0 1 2018 05-05 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 25.0 146.0 27.3 8.5 9.6 2 5 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 25.0 174.8 27.0 8.9 9.6 3 6 05-20 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 26.4 218.0 25.2 10.0 9.1 6 9 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 26.5 285.1 24.7 10.2 9.2 4 8 06-05 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 28.1 221.0 22.8 11.4 8.9 4 8 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 28.1 123.3 22.7 11.4 9.0 4 7 06-20 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 29.1 156.0 20.7 12.2 8.6 1 4 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 29.1 128.5 20.3 12.4 8.4 1 3 06-30 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 28.1 214.1 17.5 13.8 7.5 0 0 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 28.1 284.1 17.5 13.8 7.5 0 0 TAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日平均气温; Fsf: 播种到吐丝的降雨; TAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日平均气温; TRAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日均温差; Ssf: 播种到吐丝的日照;D1fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数; D2fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥33 ℃的天数。TAvsf, Fsf and Ssf represent daily average temperature, rainfall and sunshine hours from sowing to silking. TAvfm and TRAvfm represent daily average temperature and daily average temperature difference from silking to maturity, respectively. D1fa and D2fa represent days of ≥35 ℃ and ≥33 ℃ after 10 days of silking, respectively.
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表 4 气象要素与玉米产量和产量性状的相关关系
Table 4. Correlation between meteorological factors and yield and yield components of maize
TAvsf TAvfm Fsf TRAvfm Ssf D1fa D2fa TAvf1 TAvf12 穗粒数 Grains number per ear −0.1897 0.1146 −0.0216 −0.0757 0.2376 0.1934 −0.0484 0.0327 −0.0076 百粒重 100-grain weight 0.6153** −0.4996* 0.4133 0.4570* −0.5160* −0.5691** −0.4187 −0.4580* −0.4516* 有效株数 Number of effective plants 0.1727 −0.1011 −0.0092 −0.1047 −0.1214 −0.1358 −0.0082 −0.0890 0.0178 产量 Yield 0.5758** −0.4724* 0.4669* 0.4735** −0.3972 −0.5394* −0.5198* −0.4674* −0.4760* TAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日平均气温; TAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日平均气温; Fsf: 播种到吐丝的降雨; TRAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日均温差; Ssf: 播种到吐丝的日照; D1fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数; D2fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥33 ℃的天数; TAvf1和TAvf12分别为吐丝到第1和第1到第2拐点的日平均气温。*和**表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。TAvsf, Fsf and Ssf represent daily average temperature, rainfall and sunshine hours from sowing to silking, respectively. TAvfm and TRAvfm represent daily average temperature and daily average temperature difference from silking to maturity, respectively. D1fa and D2fa represent days of ≥35 ℃ and ≥33 ℃ after 10 days of silking, respectively. TAvf1 and TAvf12 represent daily average temperature range from silking to the first inflection and the first to second inflections, respectively. * and ** indicate significance at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.
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表 5 气象要素与玉米产量的通径分析
Table 5. Path analysis of meteorological factors and yield of maize
因子
Factor相关系数
Correlation
coefficient直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient 通过TAvsf
Through TAvsf通过TAvfm
Through TAvfm通过Fsf
Through Fsf通过TRAvfm
Through TRAvfm通过D1fa
Through D1fa通过D2fa
Through D2fa通过TAvf1
Through TAvf1通过TAvf12
Through TAvf12TAvsf 0.5758** 1.7764 −1.4599 −0.1564 −1.2033 −0.4062 0.9062 −0.6367 0.4618 TAvfm −0.4724* 1.9326 −1.3418 −0.0764 0.8666 0.2744 −1.0633 0.1661 −1.2308 Fsf 0.4669* 0.0872 0.8503 −1.6925 −0.9018 −0.6055 2.0968 −1.2360 0.5592 TRAvfm 0.4735* −1.1025 1.3672 −1.5191 −0.1885 −0.4001 1.2707 −0.7146 0.5560 D1fa −0.5394* 0.3719 −0.8076 1.4260 0.2214 0.7001 −2.3328 1.2697 −0.4001 D2fa −0.5198* −1.4281 −0.5695 1.4388 0.2424 0.7029 0.7375 1.3825 −0.4534 TAv f1 −0.4674* 0.1951 −0.6892 1.6458 0.2461 0.6808 0.6913 −2.3812 −0.5028 TAv f12 −0.4760* −1.3034 −1.1295 1.8250 0.2516 1.1967 0.4921 −1.7643 1.1358 剩余通径系数=0.5483, n=20。TAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日平均气温; TAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日平均气温; Fsf: 播种到吐丝的降雨; TRAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日均温差; D1fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数; D2fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥33 ℃的天数; TAvf1: 吐丝到第1拐点的日平均气温; TAvf12: 第1到第2拐点的日平均气温。*和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著。The residual path coefficient is 0.5483, n=20. TAvsf and Fsf represent daily average temperature and rainfall from sowing to silking, respectively. TAvfm and TRAvfm represent daily average temperature and daily average temperature difference from silking to maturity, respectively. D1fa and D2fa represent days of ≥35 ℃ and ≥33 ℃ after 10 days of silking, respectively. TAvf1 and TAvf12 represent daily average temperature range from silking to the first inflection and the first to second inflections, respectively. * and ** indicate significance at levels of P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.
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表 6 气象要素与玉米百粒重的通径分析
Table 6. Path analysis of meteorological factors and 100-grain weight of maize
因子
Factor相关系数
Correlation
coefficient直接通径系数
Direct path
coefficient间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient 通过TAvsf
Through TAvsf通过TAvfm
Through TAvfm通过TRAvfm
Through TRAvfm通过Ssf
Through Ssf通过D1fa
Through D1fa通过TAvf1
Through TAvf1通过TAvf12
Through TAvf12TAvsf 0.6153** 1.2805 −1.0472 −0.4597 −0.5536 0.2358 0.0657 0.1045 TAvfm −0.4996* 1.3863 −0.9673 0.4969 0.1603 −0.3547 −0.3375 −0.8837 TRAvfm 0.4570* −0.6321 1.0380 −1.0897 −0.4712 0.2323 0.0737 0.1258 Ssf −0.5160* 0.1789 −1.0147 1.2425 0.3826 −0.3301 −0.1089 −0.1118 D1fa −0.5691** −0.4807 −0.6131 1.0229 0.2675 0.4682 −0.1309 −0.0905 TAvf1 −0.4580* −0.3963 −0.5233 1.1805 0.2601 0.4736 −0.4013 −0.1138 TAvf12 −0.4516* −0.9359 −0.8575 1.3091 0.4572 0.5005 −0.2857 −0.1171 剩余通径系数=0.5483, n=20。TAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日平均气温; TAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日平均气温; TRAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日均温差; Ssf: 播种到吐丝的日照时数; D1fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数; TAvf1: 吐丝到第1拐点的日平均气温; TAvf12: 第1到第2拐点的日平均气温。*和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著。The residual path coefficient is 0.5483, n=20. TAvsf and Ssf represent daily average temperature and sunshine hours from sowing to silking. TAvfm and TRAvfm represent daily average temperature and daily average temperature difference from silking to maturity, respectively. D1fa represents days of ≥35 ℃ after 10 days of silking. TAvf1 and TAvf12 represent daily average temperature range from silking to the first inflection and the first to second inflections, respectively. * and ** indicate significance at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively.
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表 7 不同播期下不同品种玉米粒重及粒重的变化特征方程
Table 7. Characteristic equations of grain weight and grain weight change of different maize varieties sown at different dates
年份
Year品种
Variety播期(月-日)
Sowing date (month-day)粒重变化特征方程
Grain weight change characteristic equation决定系数(R2)
Coefficient of determination实测粒重
Measured grain weight (mg)2017 先玉335
Xianyu 33505-05 Yt=0.3270/[1+exp(3.0944−0.1123t)] 0.9969** 320.7c 05-20 Yt=0.4033/[1+exp(4.0557−0.1415t)] 0.9962** 396.2a 06-05 Yt=0.3964/[1+exp(2.5405−0.1378t)] 0.9879** 379.2b 06-20 Yt=0.3965/[1+exp(3.7615−0.1365t)] 0.9820** 390.4a 06-30 Yt=0.3928/[1+exp(4.2806−0.1462t)] 0.9900** 388.8ab 郑单958
Zhengdan 95805-05 Yt=0.3138/[1+exp(3.7647−0.1326t)] 0.9970** 307.7d 05-20 Yt=0.3443/[1+exp(3.5721−0.1304t)] 0.9953** 337.9c 06-05 Yt=0.3572/[1+exp(2.6575−0.1399t)] 0.9901** 343.4c 06-20 Yt=0.4264/[1+exp(3.1927−0.0990t)] 0.9830** 429.4a 06-30 Yt=0.3752/[1+exp(3.3797−0.1171t)] 0.9830** 363.0b 2018 先玉335
Xianyu 33505-05 Yt=0.3714/[1+exp(3.4882−0.1419t)] 0.9943** 362.7c 05-20 Yt=0.3424/[1+exp(3.2859−0.1396t)] 0.9968** 335.6d 06-05 Yt=0.4167/[1+exp(3.2712−0.1259t)] 0.9970** 404.8b 06-20 Yt=0.4379/[1+exp(3.6048−0.1150t)] 0.9889** 421.7a 06-30 Yt=0.4187/[1+exp(3.3637−0.1055t)] 0.9897** 407.4b 郑单958
Zhengdan 95805-05 Yt=0.2963/[1+exp(3.1152−0.1285t)] 0.9880** 285.0d 05-20 Yt=0.3059/[1+exp(3.2796−0.1361t)] 0.9886** 293.4d 06-05 Yt=0.4122/[1+exp(3.2118−0.0995t)] 0.9942** 399.8a 06-20 Yt=0.3965/[1+exp(3.4208−0.1198t)] 0.9918** 383.0b 06-30 Yt=0.3373/[1+exp(3.4976−0.1328t)] 0.9986** 331.2c 不同小写字母表示该品种的实测粒重在当年不同播期间差异显著(P<0.05)。**表示P<0.01水平显著。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of measured grain weight of the same variety among different sowing dates in the same year at P<0.05. ** indicates significance at P<0.01 level.
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表 8 不同播期下不同玉米品种的籽粒灌浆特征参数
Table 8. Grain filling characteristic parameters of different maize varieties sown at different dates
年份 Year 品种 Variety 播期(月-日) Sowing date (month-day) t1 (d) t2 (d) Vmax (mg∙grain−1∙d−1) V (mg∙grain−1∙d−1) D (d) 2017 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 05-05 15.83 39.28 9.18 4.78 68.47 05-20 19.36 37.97 14.27 6.60 61.14 06-05 8.88 27.99 13.66 7.66 51.78 06-20 17.91 37.20 13.53 6.48 61.22 06-30 20.27 38.29 14.36 6.47 60.71 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 05-05 18.46 38.32 10.40 4.98 63.05 05-20 17.30 37.49 11.22 5.50 62.63 06-05 9.58 28.41 12.49 6.89 51.84 06-20 18.95 45.55 10.55 5.42 78.66 06-30 17.62 40.11 10.98 5.51 68.10 2018 先玉 335 Xianyu 335 05-05 15.30 33.86 13.18 6.52 56.96 05-20 14.11 32.97 11.95 6.07 56.45 06-05 15.52 36.44 13.12 6.67 62.48 06-20 17.86 40.76 12.59 6.32 69.27 06-30 19.40 44.37 11.04 5.55 75.44 郑单 958 Zhengdan 958 05-05 14.00 34.49 9.52 4.94 60.00 05-20 14.42 33.77 10.41 5.29 57.86 06-05 19.05 45.52 10.25 5.25 78.46 06-20 17.56 39.55 11.88 5.93 66.91 06-30 16.42 36.25 11.20 5.54 60.94 t1: 到达第1拐点的时间; t2: 到达第2拐点的时间; Vmax: 最大灌浆速率; V: 平均灌浆速率; D: 灌浆持续期。t1 and t2 represent the time to reach the first and the second inflection points, respectively. Vmax and V mean the maximum and the average grain-filling rate, respectively. D means grain filling duration.
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表 9 玉米籽粒灌浆特征参数间和粒重的相关关系
Table 9. Correlation between grain filling characteristic parameters and grain weight of maize
因子 Factor t1 t2 Vmax V D t2 0.8630** Vmax −0.0544 −0.3440 V −0.4171 −0.5365* 0.9035** D 0.7088** 0.99681** −0.4536* −0.5424* 粒重 Grain weight 0.4013 0.4933* 0.5033* 0.4547* 0.4894* t1: 到达第1拐点的时间; t2: 到达第2拐点的时间; Vmax: 最大灌浆速率; V: 平均灌浆速率; D: 灌浆持续期。*和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。t1 and t2 represent the time to reach the first and the second inflection points, respectively. Vmax and V mean the maximum and the average grain-filling rate, respectively. D means grain filling duration. * and ** indicate significance at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
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表 10 玉米籽粒灌浆特征参数与粒重的通径分析
Table 10. Path analysis between grain filling characteristic parameters and grain weight of maize
因子
Factors相关系数
Correlation coefficient直接通径系数
Direct path coefficients间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficients 通过t2
Through t2通过Vmax
Through Vmax通过V
Through V通过D
Through Dt2 0.4933* −0.5449 −0.2122 −0.2344 1.4847 Vmax 0.5033* 0.6169 0.1874 0.3947 −0.6957 V 0.4547* 0.4368 0.2923 0.5574 −0.8319 D 0.4894* 1.5337 −0.5275 −0.2799 −0.2369 剩余通径系数=0.0946, n=20。t2: 到达第2拐点的时间; Vmax: 最大灌浆速率; V: 平均灌浆速率; D: 灌浆持续期。* 表示P<0.05水平差异显著。The residual path coefficient=0.0946, n=20. t2 represents the time to reach the second inflection point. Vmax and V mean the maximum and the average grain-filling rate, respectively. D means grain filling duration. * indicates significance at the level of P<0.05.
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表 11 气象因子间及灌浆特征参数和粒重与气象因子间的相关关系
Table 11. Correlation relationship between meteorological factors, maize grain filling characteristic parameters and grain weight, and meteorological factors
因子 Factor T TAvsm Tsf TAvsf TRAvsf Ssf TAvfm TRAvfm D1fa Tf1Av Tf12Av TAvsm 0.9076** Tsf 0.6867** 0.5448* TAvsf −0.5648** −0.5722** −0.5208* TRAvsf 0.7786** 0.7902** 0.5585* −0.8199** Ssf 0.8016** 0.8388** 0.7459** −0.8300** 0.9330** TAvfm 0.9029** 0.9996** 0.5462* −0.5798** 0.7871** 0.8416** TRAvfm −0.6420** −0.6417** 0.8490** −0.7863** −0.7065** −0.7860** Ffm 0.7580** 0.6817** 0.5319* −0.6367** 0.6113** 0.6215** 0.7183** −0.8457** D1fa 0.5808** 0.7349** −0.5015* 0.6337** 0.7020** 0.7378** −0.4940* Tf1 −0.5257* −0.4804* 0.8536** TAvf1 0.8000** 0.9174** 0.4987* 0.6007** 0.7101** 0.8516 ** −0.4804* 0.8536** 0.5514* Tf12 0.4467* 0.5820** −0.4616* 0.5481* 0.5514* T Avf12 0.8315** 0.8960** −0.7014** 0.7971** 0.7505** 0.5788** −0.8444** 0.6076** 0.7636** −0.3696 t2 −0.4520* −0.3335 −0.5958** 0.3679 −0.3072 −0.3764 −0.3307 0.3029 −0.1107 −0.3350 −0.3696 Vmax −0.1115 −0.1837 −0.1798 0.2426 −0.1628 −0.3021 −0.2332 0.1066 −0.4533* −0.2847 −0.0972 V −0.0026 −0.1110 0.0890 0.2481 −0.1668 −0.2222 −0.2008 0.1224 −0.3986 −0.1639 −0.1132 D −0.4110 −0.3023 −0.4776* 0.3864 −0.3256 −0.3474 −0.3212 0.3201 −0.0687 −0.2711 −0.3935 灌浆粒重 Grain weight −0.4543* −0.4549* −0.4912* 0.6599** −0.5173* −0.6255** −0.5550* 0.4478* −0.5122* −0.4890* −0.5145* T: 全生育期≥10 ℃的积温; Tsf: 播种到吐丝≥10 ℃的积温; TAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日平均气温; TRAvsf: 播种到吐丝的日均温差; Ssf: 播种到吐丝的日照时数; TAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日平均气温; TRAvfm: 吐丝到成熟的日均温差; Ffm: 吐丝到成熟的降雨量; D1fa: 吐丝后10 d ≥35 ℃的天数; Tf1: 吐丝到第1拐点≥10 ℃的积温; Tf12: 第1到第2拐点≥10 ℃的积温; TAvf1: 吐丝到第1拐点的日平均气温; TAvf12: 第1到第2拐点的日平均气温; t2: 到达第2拐点的时间; Vmax: 最大灌浆速率; V: 平均灌浆速率; D: 灌浆持续期。*和**分别表示P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著相关。T represents accumulated temperatures ≥10 ℃ from sowing to maturity. Tsf, TAvsf, TRAvsf and Ssf represent accumulated temperatures ≥10 ℃, daily average temperatures, daily mean temperature difference and sunshine hours from sowing to silking, respectively. TAvfm, TRAvfm and Ffm represent daily average temperature, daily mean temperature difference and rainfall from silking to maturity, respectively. Tf1 and Tf12 represent accumulated temperatures ≥10 ℃ from silking to the first inflection and from the first to second inflections, respectively. D1fa represents days of ≥35 ℃ after silking. TAvf1 and TAvf12 represent daily average temperatures from silking to the first inflection and from the first to second inflections, respectively. t2 represents the time to reach the second inflection. Vmax and V mean the maximum and the average grain-filling rate, respectively. D means grain filling duration. * and ** indicate significance at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively.
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