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东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析

王一莹 张畅 袁静超 刘剑钊 王乃卉 梁尧 范围 任军 蔡红光

王一莹, 张畅, 袁静超, 刘剑钊, 王乃卉, 梁尧, 范围, 任军, 蔡红光. 东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(0): 1−17 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220938
引用本文: 王一莹, 张畅, 袁静超, 刘剑钊, 王乃卉, 梁尧, 范围, 任军, 蔡红光. 东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(0): 1−17 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220938
WANG Y Y, ZHANG C, YUAN J C, LIU J Z, WANG N H, LIANG Y, FAN W, REN J, CAI H G. Nutrient flow characteristics analysis of typical county in crop-livestock systems in Black Soil Region in Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(0): 1−17 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220938
Citation: WANG Y Y, ZHANG C, YUAN J C, LIU J Z, WANG N H, LIANG Y, FAN W, REN J, CAI H G. Nutrient flow characteristics analysis of typical county in crop-livestock systems in Black Soil Region in Northeast China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(0): 1−17 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220938

东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220938
基金项目: 吉林省重大科技专项课题(20220302001NC)和吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2021ZD001)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    王一莹, 研究方向为养分资源管理。E-mail: wangyiying9771@163.com

    通讯作者:

    蔡红光, 研究方向为土壤培肥与养分资源管理。E-mail: caihongguang1981@163.com

  • 中图分类号: S19;S158.5

Nutrient flow characteristics analysis of typical county in crop-livestock systems in Black Soil Region in Northeast China

Funds: This study was supported by the Major Science and Technology Special Project of Jilin (20220302001NC) and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin (CXGC2021ZD001).
More Information
  • 摘要: 在保障粮食安全的前提下, 东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究边界, 通过实地调研、统计数据和文献, 结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER: NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use)定量1990—2020年农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用率和环境损失, 探究气候和社会经济因素对氮磷排放的驱动作用, 并设置平衡施肥(减少化肥施用)和有机替代(提升有机物料替代)两种情景评估该县减排潜力。结果表明, 相对于1990年, 2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷输入量分别下降41%和20%, 其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加, 而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并趋于稳定。农牧体系氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%。农田氨挥发、径流侵蚀和畜禽粪便直排为主要排放途径。通过平衡施肥和有机替代, 土壤氮磷积累处于较低水平时, 至2030年农安县化学氮肥有70%~80%的减施潜力, 化学磷肥有80%~85%的减施潜力, 且环境排放降低67%, 作物和农牧系统养分利用率均增长50%以上。综上, 农安县农牧体系化肥施用量大, 有机物料浪费严重使养分利用率处于较低水平, 环境排放强度高。未来可通过增加秸秆和粪便还田量提升化肥减施潜力。东北黑土区应继续深化化肥零增长政策, 推行有机废弃物资源化利用, 实现农牧系统协同优化发展。
  • 图  1  研究区吉林省农安县地理位置

    Figure  1.  Geographical location of the study area of Nong’an County, Jinlin Province

    图  2  1990—2020年农安县种植业(a)和畜牧业(b)结构变化

    LU为livestock unit, 表示标准牛当量(折合500 kg奶牛), 不同动物的折换LU的比例分别为: 奶牛 1∶1; 肉牛 0.8∶1; 猪 0.3∶1; 羊 0.1∶1; 蛋鸡 0.014∶1[21]。LU is livestock unit, which indicates the standard cattle equivalent (equivalent to 500 kg of dairy cattle). and the conversion ratios for different animals are 1∶1 for dairy cattle, 0.8∶1 for beef cattle, 0.3∶1 for pig, 0.1∶1 for sheep and 0.014∶1 for layer[21].

    Figure  2.  Changes of crop (a) and livestock (b) production structures from 1990 to 2020 in Nong’an County

    图  3  农安县农牧生产系统边界和养分流动图

    A表示种植业系统; B表示养殖业系统; C表示大气环境; D表示土壤; E表示水体; a表示化肥投入; b表示饲料进口; c表示农作物收获; d表示农作物秸秆; e表示食品加工。A: indicates crop system; B: indicates livestock system; C: indicates atmospheric environment; D: indicates soil; E: indicates water body; a: indicates fertilizer input; b: indicates feed import; c: indicates crop harvest; d: indicates crop straw; e: indicates food processing.

    Figure  3.  Research boundary and nutrient flow of crop-livestock systems in Nong’an County

    4  1990年和2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷养分流动特征及年际差异

    4.  Changes of nitrogen and phosphorus flows of crop-livestock systems of 1990 and 2020 in Nong’an County

    图  5  1990—2020年农安县农牧系统氮(a)和磷(b)利用效率

    NUEc: 作物氮利用率; NUEa: 畜禽氮利用率; NUEc+a: 农牧系统氮利用率; PUEc: 作物磷利用率; PUEa: 畜禽磷利用率; PUEc+a: 农牧系统磷利用率; 实线表示线性回归, 阴影区域表示95%置信区间(每组线性回归n=31)。NUEc: nitrogen use efficiency of crop; NUEa: nitrogen use efficiency of animal; NUEc+a: nitrogen use efficiency of crop-livestock system; PUEc: phosphorus use efficiency of crop; PUEa: phosphorus use efficiency of animal; PUEc+a: phosphorus use efficiency of crop-livestock system. The solid line denotes the linear regression and the shaded region denotes the 95% confidence intervals (linear regression for each group n=31).

    Figure  5.  Use efficiency of nitrogen (a) and phosphorus (b) of crop-livestock systems from 1990 to 2020 in Nong’an County

    图  6  1990—2020年农安县农牧系统氮(a)和磷(b)养分环境损失

    NPLc: 每生产1 kg作物产品的氮损失; NPLa: 每生产1 kg动物产品的氮损失; NPLc+a: 每生产1 kg农牧产品(作物产品+畜禽产品)的氮损失; PPLc: 每生产1 kg作物产品的磷损失; PPLa: 每生产1 kg动物产品的磷损失; PPLc+a: 每生产1 kg农牧产品(作物产品+畜禽产品)的磷损失; 实线表示线性回归, 阴影区域表示95%置信区间(每组线性回归n=31)。NPLc: nitrogen loss for 1 kg crop products; NPLa: nitrogen loss for 1 kg animal products; NPLc+a: nitrogen loss for 1 kg crop and livestock products; PPLc: phosphorus loss for 1 kg crop products; PPLa: phosphorus loss for 1 kg animal products; PPLc+a: phosphorus loss for 1 kg crop and livestock products. The solid line denotes the linear regression and the shaded region denotes the 95% confidence intervals (linear regression for each group n=31).

    Figure  6.  Environmental losses of nitrogen (a) and phosphorus (b) of crop-livestock systems from 1990 to 2020 in Nong’an County

    图  7  农安县农牧体系氮磷排放强度与气候和社会经济因素的关系

    NPL: 每生产1 kg农产品的总氮排放强度; PPL: 每生产1 kg农产品的总磷排放强度; NPLc: 每生产1 kg作物产品的氮损失; NPLa: 每生产1 kg动物产品的氮损失; NPLc+a: 每生产1 kg农牧产品(作物产品+畜禽产品)的氮损失; PPLc: 每生产1 kg作物产品的磷损失; PPLa: 每生产1 kg动物产品的磷损失; PPLc+a: 每生产1 kg农牧产品(作物产品+畜禽产品)的磷损失; 实线表示线性回归, 阴影区域表示95%置信区间(每组线性回归n=31)。NPL: total nitrogen emission intensity for 1 kg agricultural products; PPL: total phosphorus emission intensity for 1 kg agricultural products. NPLc: nitrogen loss for 1 kg crop products; NPLa: nitrogen loss for 1 kg animal products; NPLc+a: nitrogen loss for 1 kg crop and livestock products; PPLc: phosphorus loss for 1 kg crop products; PPLa: phosphorus loss for 1 kg animal products; PPLc+a: phosphorus loss for 1 kg crop and livestock products. The solid line denotes the linear regression and the shaded region denotes the 95% confidence intervals (linear regression for each group n=31).

    Figure  7.  Nitrogen and phosphorus emission intensity of crop-livestock systems in relation to climate and socioeconomic factors in Nong’an County

    图  8  2020年和2030年不同情景下农安县农牧体系养分平衡、环境损失及利用效率

    2020和2030为基准年份; S1-N60、S2-N70、S3-N80为2020年情景中化肥氮减施60%、70%、80%; S4-N70、S5-N80、S6-N90为2030年情景中化肥氮减施70%、80%、90%; S1-P75、S2-P80、S3-P85为2020年情景中化肥磷减施75%、80%、85%; S4-P80、S5-P85、S6-P90为2030年情景中化肥磷减施80%、85%、90%。2020 and 2030 are base years; S1-N60, S2-N70, S3-N80 are scenarios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen reduction of 60%, 70%, 80% in 2020; S4-N70, S5-N80, S6-N90 are scenarios of chemical fertilizer nitrogen reduction of 70%, 80%, 90% in 2030; S1-P75, S2-P80, S3-P85 are scenarios of chemical fertilizer phosphorus reduction of 75%, 80%, 85% in 2020; S4-P80, S5-P85, S6-P90 are scenarios of chemical fertilizer phosphorus reduction of 80%, 85%, 90% in 2030.

    Figure  8.  Nutrient balance, environmental losses and use efficiency of crop-livestock systems in Nong’an County in different scenarios in 2020 and 2030

    图  9  1990—2020年农安县单位面积农业源温室气体排放量变化

    单位面积农业源温室气体排放量由NUFER模型计算得出, 排放因子系数采用NUFER模型参数。Agricultural source GHG emissions per unit area are calculated by NUFER model, and emission factor coefficients are adopted by NUFER model parameters.

    Figure  9.  Changes in agricultural source GHG emissions per unit area from 1990 to 2020 in Nong’an County

    表  1  不同农作物种植户调研数据

    Table  1.   Field research data of different crop farmers

    种类
    Species
    粮食作物种植户
    Cereal crop farmers
    经济作物种植户
    Cash crop farmers
    其他作物种植户
    Other crop farmers
    样本数 Sample1876953
    耕地面积 Cultivated area (hm2)377 31923 1808281
    播种面积 Sown area (hm2)373 32922 9358193
    单位面积产量 Yield per unit area (kg·hm−2)8458292836 866
    籽粒利用方式
    Grain utilization mode (%)
    饲喂 Feed68440
    废弃 Waste888
    食品 Food184286
    其他 Others666
    秸秆利用方式
    Straw utilization mode (%)
    饲喂 Feed38420
    还田 Return to field44360
    焚烧 Burn000
    其他 Others18220
    施肥用量
    Fertilization amount (kg·mu−1)
    基肥 Base fertilizer35~4040~5033~46
    追肥 Top application15~205~813~18
    施肥类型
    Fertilization type
    基肥 Base fertilizer复合肥
    Compound
    有机肥+尿素
    Organic & Urea
    有机肥
    Organic
    追肥 Top application复合肥+尿素
    Compound & Urea
    复合肥
    Compound
    复合肥
    Compound
    施用方式
    Application method
    基肥 Base fertilizer深施
    Deep application
    表施
    Broadcast
    表施
    Broadcast
    追肥 Top application表施+灌水
    Broadcast & Irrigation
    深施
    Deep application
    表施+灌水
    Broadcast & Irrigation
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  不同畜禽养殖户调研数据

    Table  2.   Field research data of different livestock farmers

    种类
    Species
    生猪养殖户
    Pig farmer
    肉牛养殖户
    Beef cattle farmer
    奶牛养殖户
    Dairy cattle farmer
    羊养殖户
    Sheep farmer
    蛋鸡养殖户
    Layer farmer
    样本数 Sample541011414
    养殖规模 Size (head)≥500≥100≥100≥500≥10 000
    饲料摄入量
    Feed intake (kg∙head−1∙a−1)
    2543454779375630
    清粪方式
    Cleaning method
    干清粪
    Dry manure
    干清粪
    Dry manure
    干清粪
    Dry manure
    干清粪
    Dry manure
    干清粪
    Dry manure
    粪尿处理方式
    Manure treatment
    厌氧+处理中心、厌氧+有机肥厂、沼气池+厌氧池
    Anaerobic & Treatment center; Anaerobic & Organic; Biogas & Anaerobic
    厌氧+处理中心
    Anaerobic & Treatment center
    厌氧+处理中心
    Anaerobic & Treatment center
    厌氧+处理中心
    Anaerobic & Treatment center
    厌氧+处理中心
    Anaerobic & Treatment center
    粪尿还田后氨挥发系数[26]
    NH3 after manure to field (%)[26]
    2525252525
    粪尿储藏阶段氨挥发系数[26]
    NH3 during storage (%)[26]
    2919192412
    粪尿年产生量
    Manure production
    (kg∙head−1∙a−1)
    氮 Nitrogen4.930.070.07.10.55
    磷 Phosphorus1.74.812.91.00.25
    粪尿利用情况
    Manure utilization
    (%)
    还田 Applied4958584952
    直排 Discharged3128283641
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  农安县农牧体系养分环境排放与气候和社会经济因素模型

    Table  3.   Models of nutrient environmental emissions of crop-livestock systems with climate and socioeconomic factors in Nong’an County

    参数
    Parameter
    项目
    Item
    ln (单位农产品总氮排放强度)
    ln (total nitrogen emission intensity per unit agricultural product)
    ln (单位作物产品氮损失)
    lnNPLc
    ln (单位畜禽产品氮损失)
    lnNPLa
    ln (单位农牧产品氮损失)
    lnNPLc+a
    Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2
    rln(人均GDP) ln(GDP per capita)−0.27***−0.06***−0.28***
    ln(城市化率) ln(urbanization rate)−1.32***−0.24*−1.59***
    年均温度 Annual average temperature−0.07−0.13<0.01−0.01−0.05−0.12*
    累积降雨量 Accumulated rainfall>−0.01***>−0.01***>−0.01*>−0.01**>−0.01**>−0.01**
    n313131313131
    调整后的R2
    Adj. R-squared
    0.850.550.660.300.860.61
    参数
    Parameter
    项目
    Item
    ln (单位农产品总磷排放强度)
    ln (total phosphorus emission intensity per unit agricultural product)
    ln (单位作物产品磷损失)
    lnPPLc
    ln (单位畜禽产品磷损失)
    lnPPLa
    ln (单位农牧产品磷损失)
    lnPPLc+a
    Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2Model 1Model 2
    rln (人均GDP) ln (GDP per capita)−0.17***−0.15***−0.05
    ln (城市化率) ln (urbanization rate)−0.82**−0.73***0.38
    年均温度 Annual average temperature−0.02−0.06−0.01−0.04−0.02−0.03
    累积降雨量 Accumulated rainfall>−0.01***>−0.01***<0.01*>−0.01*>−0.01**>−0.01***
    n313131313131
    调整后的R2
    Adj. R-squared
    0.790.560.920.460.280.29
      *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001。Model 1不考虑城市化率, Model 2中不考虑人均GDP。In Model 1, urbanization rate is removed; in Model 2, GDP per capita is removed.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-12-03
  • 录用日期:  2023-02-07
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