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摘要: 发展缓控释肥料是实现化肥减量增效的重要方向, 在支撑现代农业绿色发展中发挥着重要作用。文章回顾了北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所在该领域32年的研究工作, 从研究历程、队伍建设、产品开发和农化服务等方面阐述了缓控释肥料自实验室走向农田的来龙去脉, 对未来的研究方向进行了分析与展望。研究所1991—1998年相继研制出沸石包膜肥料和聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料。1999—2015年,控释肥料逐步实现产业化。2016年以后,生物基包膜控释肥料受到重视,研究取得了较大进展。沸石包衣肥料是以天然沸石为包膜剂的无机包膜肥料。聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料是将树脂溶液喷洒在肥料表面形成一层半渗透或不渗透材料,以实现养分的控制释放。聚氨酯包膜肥料是一种热固性树脂包膜控释肥料,无溶剂原位反应成膜是其常用生产工艺,研究所先后开发了半自动、自动化连续生产技术。研究所缓控释肥料的创制服务了从大田到园艺系列作物养分精准需求, 带动了肥料产业升级、面源污染治理、肥料减量增效工作的开展。为适应农业发展的现实需求, 未来仍需在肥料产品包膜材料生物可降解、肥料养分释放多阶段连续可控、大规模连续化生产工艺创新、肥料产品质量在线快速检测技术、作物专用多元复合控释功能肥料等方面持续研究。Abstract: Development of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers is an important way to reduce fertilizer rate and improve their use efficiency, and plays an important role in supporting the sustainable development of modern agriculture. This paper reviewed the 32 years’ research work in the fertilizer area in Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. The research process, team organization, product innovation and fertilization service of different fertilizers from laboratory to field were introduced, and the future research directions were analyzed and prospected. Since 1991, the Institute has started the research and development of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers. In the initial stage (1991-1998), zeolite-coated fertilizer and resin-coated fertilizer were developed successively. During the rapid development stage (1999-2015), controlled-release fertilizer products have gradually realized industrialization and driven the development of the industry. During the stable promotion period (2016-), bio-based coated controlled-release fertilizers have been paid attention to and made great progress. Zeolite-coated urea is a kind of inorganic coated fertilizer with natural zeolite as coating agent. Its functional characteristics were investigated, and a series of fertilizer formulations and application techniques were developed. Resin-coated fertilizer is made by spraying a layer of semi-permeable or impermeable material on the fertilizer surface to achieve controlled release of nutrients. The production process of polyolefin resin type is divided into three parts: dissolution of coating material in solvent, granule coating and solvent recovery. In 1998, the institute developed a spouted bed coating equipment with an annual output of 2000 t resin-coated fertilizer. Thermosetting resin coated fertilizer is another major type, for which solvent-free in-situ reaction film-forming process is commonly used. The high-efficiency mixed spraying method with self-cleaning function was proposed, and semi-automatic and continuous automatic productions were developed one after another. At the same time, the nutrient release prediction technology and on-line rapid detection technology were constructed for controlled-release fertilizer, and a series of special formula fertilizers and their application technology were developed. The innovation of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers has served the precise nutrient requirements of crops from field to horticulture, and promoted the upgrading of fertilizer industry, reducing the fertilizer rate and enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, and even controlling non-point source pollution. In order to meet the realistic need of agricultural development, in the future, it is still necessary to continuously study the biodegradable coating materials for fertilizer products, the multi-stage continuously controllable release of nutrients, the innovative large-scale and continuous production processes, the on-line rapid detection technologies of product quality, and the special multi-component and controlled-release functional fertilizers for crops.
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Key words:
- Slow-release fertilizer /
- Controlled-release fertilizer /
- Formulation /
- Rapid detection
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表 1 树脂包膜控释肥资助科研项目情况
Table 1. Research projects related to resin coated controlled-release fertilizers
项目来源
Project resource时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人
Project director北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology1997—2000 北京新型长效肥料中试基地
Beijing pilot base of new long time effective fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2000—2004 新型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)
National High-tech R&D Program of China
(863 Program)2001—2004 环境友好型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of environment-friendly fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming科技部攻关项目
Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology2001—2004 新型缓控释肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new slow and
controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2008 高效控释专用肥的研制与综合评价
Development and comprehensive evaluation of high-efficiency controlled-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2006 新型肥料关键技术研发及服务体系建设
Key technology research and development and service system construction of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2006—2009 新型肥料产业化科技保障建设
Construction of scientific and technological guarantee for industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R & D Program of China2006—2010 缓控释肥高效施肥技术研究
Study on high efficiency fertilization technology of
slow/controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2010—2013 高产条件下施用控释肥对设施菜地氮素损失阻控能力提升的研究
Study on the improvement of nitrogen loss resistance and control ability of protected vegetable fields by applying controlled-release fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang北京市农林科学院项目
Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences2011—2013 控释肥料在蔬菜上应用的水肥耦合效应研究
Study on the coupling effect of water and fertilizer in the application of controlled release fertilizer on vegetables邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R & D Program of China2011—2015 S型缓控释肥技术的提升与应用
Improvement and application of S-type controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing科技成果转化资金项目
Agricultural Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of China2012—2014 智能控促一体型控释肥中试及应用示范
Pilot test and application demonstration of intelligent
controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China2013—2017 玉米一次性施肥的生态环境效应与评价
Ecological and environmental effects and evaluation of single basal application on maize曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2013—2015 高产条件下控释肥与普通肥料氮素分时供应耦合机制及调控
Coupling mechanism and regulation of nitrogen supply of controlled release fertilizer and common fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 室内变温与设施土壤条件下树脂包膜控释肥氮素释放特征研究及预测模型构建
Study on nitrogen release characteristics and prediction model construction of resin-coated controlled-release fertilizer under indoor variable temperature and protected soil conditions肖强
XIAO Qiang北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2016—2018 北京都市农业面源污染防控关键技术研究与科技示范
Research and technological demonstration of key technologies for prevention and control of urban agricultural non-point
source pollution in Beijing邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan
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表 2 原位反应成膜控释肥承担科研项目情况
Table 2. Research projects related to in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer
项目来源
Project source时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人Projectdirector 国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 纳米复合包膜缓控释肥研制与应用
Preparation and application of nano-composite coated slow-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2020—2022 笼型倍半硅氧烷对控释肥用秸秆合成树脂膜材的作用机制及性能调控
Mechanism and performance regulation of POSS on straw-based resin coating material for controlled release fertilizer李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金面上项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2020—2023 硅氧烷对控释尿素用淀粉基聚氨酯膜的作用机理与性能调控
Mechanism and performance control of siloxane on starch-based polyurethane coating material for controlled release urea李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 纳米限域条件下原位反应包膜控释材料的探索及机制研究
Preparation and mechanism research of coating material formed via in situ polymerization under nano-confinement conditions李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2014—2016 控释肥用可降解聚氨酯杂化包膜材料的制备及性能调控机制研究
Preparation and performance regulation mechanism of biodegradable polyurethane hybrid coating material for controlled-release fertilize李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology2013—2014 球形介孔分子筛对聚氨酯原位反应成膜机制及控释性能的影响
Effect of spherical mesoporous molecular sieves on the film formation mechanism and controlled-release properties of polyurethane in situ reaction曹兵
CAO Bing河北省科技厅项目
Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology2019—2020 原位反应成膜控释肥示范推广
Demonstration and promotion of in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer吴广利
WU Guangli国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 环京津夏玉米化肥农药减施增效技术集成与示范
Integration and demonstration of technology for reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increasing the efficiency of summer maize around Beijing and Tianjin衣文平
YI Wenping国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 夏玉米控释肥配方优选及减施配套施用技术
Formula optimization and application technology development of controlled release fertilizer for summer maize李丽霞
LI Lixia
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表 3 主要的沸石包衣专用肥品种简介
Table 3. Introduction to main special zeolite-coated fertilizers for different crops
专用肥
Special fertilizer养分含量(氮磷钾+
微量元素)
Nutrient content (N-P-K+ microelement) (%)特点
Characteristics施用量及施用方法
Application amount and method小麦肥
Wheat fertilizer8-11-6+Mn 小麦需磷较多, 配方中磷含量较高。
Wheat needs more P, so P content is high.基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing玉米肥
Maize fertilizer普通型
Ordinary type9-6-10+Zn 氮含量较低, 适应农民追施氮肥的习惯。
N content is low, suiting for N topdressing habit of farmers.基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing一次型
Once type16-5-10+Zn 氮含量较高, 且长效, 作底肥, 不需追肥。
N content is high with long-term effect; used as base fertilizer without topdressing.一次性750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer without topdressing水稻肥
Rice fertilizer9-6-10+Si+Zn 水稻需硅、锌做底肥。
Rice needs Si and Zn as base fertilizer.基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing花生肥
Peanut fertilizer6-7-12+B 花生、大豆根瘤菌有固氮作用, 配方中氮含量较低, 控制徒长; 磷含量适中, 以磷增氮; 钾含量较高。N content is lower due to N fixation ability of peanut and soybean to control their overgrowth. P content is moderate to promote N uptake. K content is high. 基施750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer大豆肥
Soybean fertilizer7-7-11+B 蔬菜肥
(番茄、架豆除外)
Vegetable fertilizer
(except tomatoes and beans)9-6-10+Mn+B 蔬菜对Mg和B敏感。
Vegetables are sensitive to Mn and B.基施750kg∙hm−2, 多数蔬菜需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing for most vegetables果树肥
Fruit tree fertilizer10-10-10+Fe+Mn+B+Zn 果树对多种微量元素敏感, 配方中添加4种微量
元素。
Fruit trees are sensitive to multiple microelements, so 4 microelements are added to fertilizer.基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing
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表 4 开发出的主要控释专用肥料配方及施用效果
Table 4. Formulas and application effects of main controlled release special fertilizers developed
适用作物
Applicable crop释放期
Release period (d)控释氮占比
Proportion of controlled release N (%)应用效果
Application effect玉米
Maize60 30 春玉米氮肥利用率提高2.0~l2.0个百分点, 增产12.2%; 夏玉米氮肥利用率提高5.86~11.39个百分点, 增产7.3%~12.0%, 减氮10%~20%, 收获后100~200 cm土体硝态氮残留降低35.1%~56.6%。
The N utilization rates increase by 2.0−12.0 and 5.86−11.39 percentage points, and yields increase by 12.2% and 7.3%−12.0% for spring maize and summer maize, respectively. For summer maize, the N application decreases by 10%−20%, and the residual NO3−-N in 100−200 cm soil layer after harvest decreases by 35.1%−56.6%.冬小麦
Winter wheat60 40 等氮量下氮肥利用率提高8.1个百分点, 增产6.4%~11.4%。
Under the same N application rate, the N utilization rate increases by 8.1 percentage points and yield increases by 6.4%−11.4%.水稻
Rice50~120(多种释放期配伍
Collocation of controlled release fertilizers with different release periods)40~50 减氮20%条件下, 氮素利用率提高10.1~17.6个百分点。
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.1−17.6 percentage points.甘蓝
Cabbage60 50 减氮20%, 氮肥利用率提高11.5个百分点, 增产6.1%, 甘蓝硝酸盐含量降低8.8%。
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 11.5 percentage points, yield increases by 6.1%, and the nitrate content in cabbage decreases by 8.8%.番茄
Tomato90(多种释放期配伍
Collocation of different release periods controlled release fertilizers)100 减氮50%, 氮肥利用率提高10.2个百分点, NO3−-N淋洗和残留比习惯施肥减少37%~55%。
Under the 50% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.2 percentage points, and the amount of NO3−-N leaching and residue decreases by 37%−55% compared with conventional fertilization.甜瓜
Melon50~70 100 减氮40%, 氮素利用率提高20.6个百分点, 产量提高19.4%; 果实硝酸盐含量降低39.2%。
Under the 40% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 20.6 percentage points, yield increases by 19.4%, and the nitrate content in melon decreases by 39.2%.春白菜
Spring cabbage35 67 减氮50%条件下, 春白菜未减产, 氮肥利用率提高, 硝酸盐含量显著降低, 肥料氨挥发损失降低, 收获后下层土壤(20 cm以下)没有造成硝态氮累积。
Under the 50% N reduction, the yield is not decreased, the N utilization rate increases, the nitrate content decreases, the ammonia volatilization loss decreased, and the no NO3−-N accumulation occurs in soil below 20 cm after harvest.
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