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摘要: 森林降雨再分配过程是水循环的一个重要环节, 对区域产水及水资源的形成过程有重要意义。本研究于2022年7—11月对太行山典型油松林降雨再分配要素进行观测, 阐明油松林降雨再分配的基本规律, 利用修正的Gash模型和Liu模型对林冠截留量进行模拟。结果表明: 研究期间林外降雨量为450.8 mm, 油松林林冠截留量、穿透雨量、树干径流量分别为105.5 mm、338.2 mm、7.1 mm, 分别占总降雨量的23.4%、75.0%、1.6%。基于修正的Gash模型计算得到林冠截留量、穿透雨量、树干径流量分别为105.3 mm、340.7 mm、4.6 mm, 实测值与模拟值的相对误差分别为0.2%、0.8%、34.7%; 修正的Liu模型计算得到林冠截留量为96.0 mm, 实测值与模拟值的相对误差为9.0%; 修正的Gash模型相比于Liu模型模拟结果相对误差更低, 模拟效果更好。修正的Gash模型参数敏感性排序: 林冠平均蒸发速率>平均降雨强度>林冠持水能力>冠层盖度>树干持水能力>树干径流系数。综上, 太行山典型油松林可截留23.4%的降雨, 这对评估区域水资源量具有重要意义, 且修正的Gash模型在太行山油松林有很好的适用性, 可用于预测油松林林冠截留量变化。Abstract: The Taihang Mountain Region is the ecological barrier and water source of North China Plain. In recent decades, with the implementation of Taihang Mountains Greening Project and other projects, the vegetation coverage in Taihang Mountain Region is recovering continuously, but the runoff in the mountains is rapidly declining. The mechanism of how the vegetation restoration affects the water yield is not clear. The process of rainfall partitioning is an important part of hydrological cycle. It is of great significance for the formation process of regional water yield and water resources. Pinus tabulaeformis is the main afforestation tree species in Taihang Mountain Region, and it affects regional water resources. The rainfall partitioning of P. tabulaeformis forest in Taihang Mountain Region remains poorly understood. It is required to assess the applicability of the revised Gash model and revised Liu model. In this study, the rainfall partitioning in P. tabulaeformis forest is examined from July to November of 2022. The canopy interception was simulated by revised Gash model and revised Liu model. The results showed that 1) the rainfall amount was 450.8 mm during the study period, the average rainfall duration was 10.4 h, and the average rainfall intensity was 2.7 mm∙h−1. Furthermore, we found that the rainfall during the study period was mainly light rain. The canopy interception, throughfall and stemflow of P. tabulaeformis forest were 105.5, 338.2 and 7.1 mm, respectively, accounting for 23.4%, 75.0% and 1.6% of the rainfall amount. 2) Throughfall and stemflow began to occur when the rainfall amount reached 1.7 and 5.5 mm, respectively. Significant linear relationships were found between the rainfall amount and throughfall amount. However, the relationship between rainfall amount and interception followed a power function. The throughfall percentage increased quickly with increasing rainfall amount, but when rainfall amount reached 11 mm, the throughfall percentage increased slowly. The interception percentage firstly decreased and then stabilized with increasing rainfall amount. 3) Based on the revised Gash model, the canopy interception, throughfall, and stemflow were calculated to be 105.3 mm, 340.7 mm, and 4.6 mm, respectively. The relative errors between the measured and simulated values were 0.2%, 0.8%, and 34.7%. According to the revised Gash model simulation results, we found that the interception amount was dominated by canopy evaporation during rainfall, accounting for 55.0% of the interception simulation, followed by evaporation after cessation of rainfal, accounting for 27.8% of the interception simulation. The revised Liu model calculated the interception as 96.0 mm, with a relative error of 9.0% between the measured and simulated values. The revised Gash model had lower relative errors in the simulation than the Liu model. 4) Sensitivity of the revised Gash model parameters were mean evapotranspiration rate > mean rainfall intensity > canopy storage capacity > canopy cover > trunk storage capacity > stemflow coefficient. These results indicate that typical P. tabulaeformis forests in the Taihang Mountains can intercept 23.4% of rainfall, with 75.0% throughfall and 1.6% stemflow. The revised Gash model can be used to predict canopy interception in P. tabulaeformis forests and provides a theoretical basis for water resource assessment and water conservation capacity improvement in mountainous areas.
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图 1 试验期间研究区降雨特征
Figure 1. Rainfall event characteristics during the study period in the study area
图 6 修正的Gash模型及Liu模型截留量模拟效果
Figure 6. Interception simulation performance of the revised Gash model and Liu model
表 1 修正的Gash模型公式中各参数(截留量组成部分)的意义及计算公式
Table 1. Meaning and calculation formula of each parameter (interception component) of the revised Gash model formula
降雨事件
Rainfall event截留量组成部分
Interception component计算公式
Formula林冠未饱和
For m rainfall events which are insufficient to saturate the canopy林冠未饱和时截留
Evaporation from unsaturated canopy (Ic)${ {I} }_{{\rm{c}}}{=}{c}\times {\displaystyle\sum }_{ {j}{=1} }^{ {m} }{ {P} }_{ \rm{G}{,j} }$ 林冠饱和
For n rainfall events which are sufficient to saturate the canopy降雨期间林冠蒸发
Evaporation from saturated canopy during rainfall (Is)${ {I} }_{ { {\rm{s} } } }{=}{c}\times \dfrac{ { {\overline{ E _{\rm{c}} } } } }{ { {\overline R} } }{\displaystyle\sum }_{ {j}{=1} }^{ {n} }{ {(}{P} }_{ { {\rm{G} },}{j} }-{ {P} }_{ { {\rm{G} } } }{'}{)}$ 冠层湿润
Wetting up of canopy (Iw)${I}{_ {\rm{w} } }{=}{n}\times{c}\times{ {P} }_{ { {\rm{G} } } }{'}-{n}\times{ {{c} } }{\times {S} }_{ \text{c} }$ 降雨停止后的蒸发
Evaporation after after cessation of rainfall (Ia)${ {I} }_{ { {\rm{a} } } }{=}{n}\times {c}{\times {S} }_{ { {\rm{c} } } }$ 从树干蒸发
Evaporation from trunks (It)${I}_{\mathrm{t} }{=}{q}\times { {S} }_{ { {\rm{t} } } }{+}{ {p} }_{ { {\rm{t} } } }\displaystyle\sum _{ {j}{=1} }^{ {n-q} }{ {P} }_{ { {\rm{G} } }{,j} }$ m为林冠未饱和的降雨次数; n为使林冠饱和的降雨次数; c为郁闭度; $ {P}_{\mathrm{G},j} $为第j次降雨的林外降雨量, mm; $ \overline{{E}_{\mathrm{c}}} $为单位冠层面积林冠平均蒸发速率, mm∙h−1; $\overline{{R} }$为降雨期间的平均降雨强度, mm∙h−1; $ {P}_{\mathrm{G}}{{'}} $为使林冠达到饱和的降雨量, mm; $ {S}_{\mathrm{c}} $为单位冠层面积林冠持水能力, mm, 该指标通过林冠持水能力和冠层面积得到, 其中林冠持水能力为总降雨量与净降雨量线性方程的截距; ${q}$为树干饱和产生树干径流的降雨次数; $ {S}_{\mathrm{t}} $为树干持水能力, 即树干径流量与总降雨量方程的负截距, mm; $ {p}_{\mathrm{t}} $ 为树干径流系数, 即树干径流量与总降雨量线性方程的斜率。m refers to frequency of rainfall which are insufficient to saturate the canopy; n refers to frequency of rainfall which are sufficient to saturate the canopy; c refers to canopy cover; ${P}_{\mathrm{G,} j}$ refers to rainfall amount outside the forest for the j th rainfall events, mm; $ \overline{{E}_{\mathrm{c}}} $ refers to mean evaporation rate per unit cover area during rainfall, mm∙h−1; $\overline{{R} }$ refers to mean rainfall intensity during rainfall, mm∙h−1; ${P}_{\mathrm{G}}{ {'} }$ refers to the amount of rainfall that saturated the forest canopy, mm; $ {S}_{\mathrm{c}} $ refers to canopy storage capacity per unit cover area, mm, it is estimated using canopy storage capacity and cover area, and canopy storage capacity is the intercept of the linear equation between total rainfall and net rainfall; q refers to frequency of rainfall which is sufficient to saturate the trunks; $ {S}_{\mathrm{t}} $ refers to trunk storage capacity (i.e., negative intercept of the equation between stemflow and total rainfall), mm; $ {p}_{\mathrm{t}} $ refers to percentage of rainfall converted into stemflow, i.e., slope of the linear equation between stemflow and total rainfall. 
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表 2 修正的Gash模型及Liu模型参数
Table 2. Parameters of revised Gash model and Liu model
参数 Parameter 值 Value 模型 Model 冠层盖度 Canopy cover 0.70 Gash, Liu 平均降雨强度 Mean rainfall intensity (mm∙h−1) 2.71 Gash, Liu 林冠持水能力 Canopy storage capacity (mm) 1.54 Gash, Liu 单位冠层面积的林冠持水能力 Canopy storage capacity per unit canopy area (mm) 2.20 Gash, Liu 林冠平均蒸发速率 Mean canopy evaporation rate (mm∙h−1) 0.41 Gash, Liu 单位冠层面积的林冠平均蒸发速率 Mean evaporation rate per unit canopy area (mm∙h−1) 0.58 Gash, Liu 树干径流系数 Stemflow coefficient 0.02 Gash 树干持水能力 Trunk storage capacity (mm) 0.12 Gash, Liu 林冠达到饱和的降雨量 Rainfall that saturates the forest canopy (mm) 2.48 Gash
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表 3 修正的Gash模型降雨再分配要素模拟结果
Table 3. Simulation results of rainfall partitioning of revised Gash model
降雨类型
Rainfall type截留组成
Interception component实测值
Observed
value (mm)模拟值
Simulation
value (mm)相对误差
Relative error (%)林冠未饱和
For m rainfall events insufficient to saturate the canopy林冠未饱和时截留量
Interception for unsaturated canopy12.4 林冠饱和的降雨场次
For n rainfall events sufficient to saturate the canopy降雨期间林冠蒸发
Evaporation during rainfall57.9 冠层湿润
Canopy wetting stage3.7 降雨停止后林冠蒸发
Evaporation after cessation of rainfall29.3 从树干蒸发
Evaporation from trunks2.1 林冠截留量 Interception 105.5 105.3 0.2 穿透雨量 Throughfall 338.2 340.7 0.8 树干径流量 Stemflow 7.1 4.6 34.7
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表 4 不同地区油松林降雨再分配规律
Table 4. Rainfall partitioning patterns of Pinus tabulaeformis forests in different regions
地区
Region树高
Height
(m)胸径
Diameter at
breast height (cm)树龄
Age
(a)样地密度
Stand density
(plants∙hm−2)林冠截留率
Interception
percentage (%)穿透雨率
Throughfall
percentage (%)树干径流率
Stemflow
percentage (%)文献
Reference山西省吉县
Ji County, Shanxi Province7.57 10.50 16 1300 13.47 84 1.62 [30] 河北省易县
Yi County, Hebei Province18.9 81.7 3.5 [35] 北京密云
Miyun County, Beijing city7.1 15.2 850 25.38 71.6 0.52 [36] 北京密云
Miyun County, Beijing city7.1 16.5 756 31.67 67.65 0.68 [39] 陕西省宜川县
Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province10 10~11 1800 25.1 73.30 3.3 [40] 河北承德市
Chengde City, Hebei Province69.7 22.5 [41] 河北省易县
Yi County, Hebei Province5~6 11.12 50 16.75 82.18 1.07 [29] 甘肃省定西市
Dingxi City, Gansu Province6.88 11.51 40 467 22.4 76.7 1.1 [42] 河北省承德市
Chengde City, Hebei Province12.4 29.82 67.08 3.10 [43] 河北省平山县
Pingshan County, Hebei Province9.4 17.6 30 1700 23.4 75.0 1.6 本研究 This study
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