施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响

韦广源; 谭军利; 李红; 马波; 王月梅; 田海梅; 王西娜

doi:10.12357/cjea.20230215

施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215

韦广源^1,,
谭军利^{1, 2, ,},
李红¹,
马波^{1, 2},
王月梅³,
田海梅³,
王西娜³

1.
宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院　银川　750021
2.
旱区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程研究中心/宁夏节水灌溉与水资源调控工程技术研究中心　银川　750021
3.
宁夏大学农学院　银川　750021

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200405)、宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC02013)、国家自然科学基金项目(31860590)和宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
韦广源, 主要研究方向为农业水资源高效利用。E-mail: 1029832699@qq.com

通讯作者:
谭军利, 主要研究方向为农业水资源高效利用。E-mail: tanjl@nxu.edu.cn

中图分类号: S565.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-21
- 录用日期: 2023-06-06
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-14
- 刊出日期: 2023-11-10

Effects of nitrogen application rate and irrigation quota on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape in Yellow River Irrigation Area

WEI Guangyuan^1
,,
TAN Junli^{1, 2
, ,},
LI Hong¹,
MA Bo^{1, 2},
WANG Yuemei³,
TIAN Haimei³,
WANG Xina³

1.
School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2.
Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Modern Agricultural Water Resources in Arid Regions, Ministry of Education / Ningxia Engineering Technology Research Center of Water-Saving Irrigation and Water Resources Regulation, Yinchuan 750021, China
3.
College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0200405), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia (2022AAC02013), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860590), and the First Class Discipline Construction (Hydraulic Engineering) Project of Ningxia Universities (NXYLXK2021A03).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: tanjl@nxu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 为探讨小麦后复种油菜对小麦茬残留氮素吸收利用及水氮利用的影响, 以期为麦后土壤残留氮素有效利用和农业面源污染阻控提供理论依据, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了小麦茬施氮量[常规施氮(270 kg∙hm⁻²)、减施氮肥(202.5 kg∙hm⁻²)和不施氮(0 kg∙hm⁻²)]和灌溉定额[常规灌溉(400 mm)、节水20% (320 mm)和节水40% (240 mm)]对复种油菜的产量、氮素吸收量以及0~100 cm土壤含水率和矿质氮动态变化的影响, 并进行了两季作物的氮素平衡分析。结果表明, 小麦茬残留氮素对油菜产量和氮素吸收量有显著影响, 氮肥后效与小麦茬的施氮量呈正比。小麦茬常规施氮270 kg∙hm⁻²时油菜产量和氮素吸收量最高, 分别为6640 kg∙hm⁻²和25.7 kg∙hm⁻², 较小麦茬减施氮肥与不施氮分别增加11.8%与43.5%和14.8%与58.8%; 小麦茬灌溉定额对油菜产量无显著影响, 但对氮素吸收量有显著影响, 常规施氮处理下常规灌溉处理油菜氮素吸收量较节水处理增加9.6%~10.2%。与油菜播前相比, 油菜收获后施氮处理0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮降低18.8~96.1 kg·hm⁻²; 常规施氮处理较减氮和不施氮处理增加了油菜对残留氮素吸收能力。油菜翻压还田并经过冬季的冻融后, 在下一季小麦播前, 0~100 cm土层的土壤矿质氮增加86.1~171.8 kg·hm⁻², 增加量与小麦茬的施氮量呈正相关。常规施氮+常规灌溉定额0~100 cm土壤贮水量变化较小, 氮肥后效显著提高了油菜灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率及降水生产效率, 常规施氮+节水20%处理灌溉水利用效率和降水生产效率最高, 而常规施氮+节水40%处理油菜水分利用效率最高。在本试验条件下, 减氮+节水20%处理的氮肥累积利用率最高, 达89.8%。小麦茬施氮量为270 kg·hm⁻², 灌溉定额为320~400 mm显著提高了复种油菜的产量、吸氮量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率及降水生产效率, 并降低了施氮处理土壤矿质氮含量。而油菜翻压还田经过冬季冻融后显著增加了土壤矿质氮含量。
- 麦后复种油菜 /
- 施氮量 /
- 灌溉定额 /
- 产量 /
- 水氮利用效率 /
- 土壤矿质氮含量 /
- 引黄灌区
Abstract: The effects of successive oilseed rape cropping on the absorption and utilization of residual nitrogen and water, and nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat stubble was studied to provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of residual nitrogen in post-spring wheat soil and for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution. A field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application (conventional application, 270 kg∙hm⁻²; reduced application, 202.5 kg∙hm⁻²; and no application, 0 kg∙hm⁻²) and irrigation quota (conventional irrigation, 400 mm; 20% water-saving irrigation, 320 mm; and 40% water-saving irrigation, 240 mm) on the yield and nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape crops, as well as the dynamic changes involving soil moisture and mineral nitrogen in the 0–100 cm layer. Nitrogen balance analysis was also conducted for both seasons. The results revealed that residual nitrogen in spring wheat stubble had a notable effect on the yield and nitrogen uptake of successive oilseed rape, and the residual effect of nitrogen fertilizer was positively correlated with the nitrogen applied to spring wheat stubble. When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate in spring wheat stubble was 270 kg·hm⁻², the yield and nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape were the highest, reaching 6640 kg·hm⁻² and 25.7 kg·hm⁻², respectively, which were 11.8%–43.5% and 14.8%–58.8% higher than those under reduced or no nitrogen application. Irrigation quota had no substantial effect on oilseed rape yield but had a significant effect on nitrogen uptake. Nitrogen uptake of oilseed rape under conventional nitrogen application was increased by 9.6%−10.2% compared with the water-saving treatments. Compared with before planting, mineral nitrogen levels in the 0–100 cm soil layer under nitrogen application treatment after oilseed rape harvesting decreased by 18.8–96.1 kg·hm⁻², indicating that succession oilseed rape cropping has an absorption capacity for residual nitrogen. The mineral nitrogen content of soil decreased by 96.1 kg·hm⁻² under conventional nitrogen application and conventional irrigation treatment compared with no or reduced nitrogen application. After the succession oilseed rape was crushed and turned over and returned to the field after winter freezing and thawing, the mineral nitrogen in the 0−100 cm soil layer increased by 86.1 to 171.8 kg·hm⁻². This increase was positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate in the spring wheat season. Conventional nitrogen application combined with conventional irrigation had a small effect on soil water storage, and the residual effect of nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved irrigation water use efficiency, water use efficiency, and precipitation productivity of oilseed rape. Conventional nitrogen application combined with a 20% water-saving treatment had the highest irrigation water use efficiency and precipitation productivity, whereas conventional nitrogen application combined with a 40% water-saving treatment had the highest oilseed rape water use efficiency. Under these experimental conditions, the cumulative utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was the highest at 89.8% with reduced nitrogen combined with a 20% water-saving treatment. Nitrogen application rates of 270 kg·hm⁻² and an irrigation quota of 320−400 mm considerably improved the yield, nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, and precipitation productivity of succession oilseed rape crops and reduced soil mineral nitrogen content under nitrogen application treatment. Turning over and returning the succession of oilseed rape to the field significantly increased soil mineral nitrogen content after winter freezing and thawing.
- Post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape /
- Nitrogen application /
- Irrigation quota /
- Yield /
- Water and nitrogen use efficiency /
- Soil mineral nitrogen content /
- Yellow River Irrigation Area

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图 1 2021年研究区月降水量

Figure 1. Monthly precipitation in the study area in 2021

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图 2 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的产量

*和**分别代表影响在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著, ns代表未达到显著水平。N为施氮量, W为灌溉定额。不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。* and ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect. N is the nitrogen application level, W is the irrigation quota. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application treatments (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05).

Figure 2. Yield of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat

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图 3 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的氮素吸收量

Figure 3. Nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat

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图 4 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的0~100 cm土层土壤水分分布(a、b、c分别为油菜播前、油菜收获和下一季春小麦播前)

Figure 4. Soil water distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat (a, b and c are before oilseed rape sowing, oilseed rape harvest and before the next spring wheat sowing, respectively)

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图 5 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布(a、b、c分别为油菜播前、油菜收获和下一季春小麦播前)

Figure 5. Soil mineral nitrogen distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat (a, b and c are before oilseed rape sowing, oilseed rape harvest and before the next spring wheat sowing, respectively)

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表 1 供试土壤0~100 cm基本理化性状

Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties in 0−100 cm layer of the tested soil

土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm⁻³)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg⁻¹)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg⁻¹)	矿质态氮 Mineral nitrogen (mg·kg⁻¹)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g·kg⁻¹)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg⁻¹)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg⁻¹)	pH
0~20	1.18	16.30	0.59	32.01	0.57	24.69	143.01	7.83
20~40	1.21	14.82	0.41	27.57	0.43	22.70	135.25	7.50
40~60	1.19	13.08	0.42	23.56	0.38	15.84	126.90	7.32
60~80	1.23	13.62	0.34	21.79	0.30	16.31	122.72	7.31
80~100	1.23	11.60	0.22	17.22	0.26	7.89	128.69	7.31

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表 2 不同处理小麦季试验施氮量和灌溉定额

Table 2. Nitrogen application levels and irrigation regimes of different treatments for spring wheat

处理 Treatment	施氮水平 Nitrogen level	灌溉定额 Irrigation regime	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate (kg·hm⁻²)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (mm)
NCWC	NC	WC	270	400
NCW1	NC	W1	270	320
NCW2	NC	W2	270	240
NJWC	NJ	WC	202.5	400
NJW1	NJ	W1	202.5	320
NJW2	NJ	W2	202.5	240
N0WC	N0	WC	0	400
N0W1	N0	W1	0	320
N0W2	N0	W2	0	240

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表 3 不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下春小麦收获后0~100 cm土壤矿质氮残留量

Table 3. Residual mineral nitrogen contents in 0−100 cm soil layer after spring wheat harvesting with different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation

kg·hm⁻²
处理 Treatment	土层深度 Soil depth (cm)
处理 Treatment	0~20	20~40	40~60	60~80	80~100	0~100
NCWC	81.07±7.76Aa	67.77±8.75Aa	51.51±5.21Aa	42.03±4.80Aa	35.68±6.10Aa	278.07±26.70Aa
NCW1	66.31±0.71Ba	52.74±5.39Aa	41.84±4.01Aa	36.55±1.51ABa	29.81±0.35Aa	227.26±9.27Aa
NCW2	60.78±3.35Ba	54.63±8.33Aa	45.28±9.75Aa	34.32±0.66Bab	35.18±6.96Aa	230.19±27.16Aa
NJWC	51.45±10.26Ab	52.01±2.75Ab	48.83±12.90Aab	39.31±11.92Aa	31.56±4.65Aab	223.16±13.85Ab
NJW1	50.32±2.32Ab	49.19±6.78ABa	35.93±1.37Aab	31.43±2.77Aa	29.82±2.67Aa	196.69±9.01Ab
NJW2	48.08±4.60Aab	40.15±2.12Ba	33.00±2.19Aa	39.49±5.98Aa	32.64±2.36Aa	193.35±11.85Ab
N0WC	38.18±3.17Ab	33.35±1.50Ac	30.02±2.07Ab	26.25±2.26Aa	20.48±4.97Ab	148.28±7.56Ac
N0W1	40.13±9.64Ab	39.75±5.69Aa	32.22±3.52Ab	28.65±3.48Ab	24.27±6.68Aa	165.02±15.77Ac
N0W2	36.85±12.60Ab	37.32±8.68Aa	36.66±18.46Aa	26.44±4.67Ab	22.90±10.51Aa	160.17±19.59Ac
不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application treatments (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05).

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表 4 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对油菜水分利用效率的影响

Table 4. Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on water use efficiency of the succession oilseed rape

处理 Treatment	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	灌溉水利用效率 Utilization rate of irrigation water (kg·m⁻³)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg·m⁻³)	降水生产效率 Precipitation productivity (kg·mm⁻¹)
NCWC	181.81±5.17Aa	5.32±0.37Ba	3.27±0.33Ca	111.64±7.46Aa
NCW1	184.57±8.66Aa	5.95±0.29Aa	3.61±0.33Ba	124.87±5.83Aa
NCW2	145.96±9.72Ba	5.33±0.13Ba	4.10±0.33Aa	111.89±2.56Aa
NJWC	163.34±9.06Ab	5.20±0.42ABa	3.58±0.49Ba	109.06±8.57Aa
NJW1	156.57±12.92Ab	5.33±0.13Ab	3.82±0.30ABa	111.74±2.70Ab
NJW2	126.99±5.67Bb	4.55±0.12Bb	4.01±0.26Aa	97.97±2.65Ab
N0WC	161.55±7.37Ab	4.06±0.13Ab	2.81±0.06Ab	85.19±2.59Ab
N0W1	158.50±3.23Aa	4.15±0.15Ac	2.46±0.13Bb	87.01±3.06Ac
N0W2	122.52±1.81Bb	4.26±0.06Ac	2.88±0.10Ab	89.43±1.15Ac
N	**	**	**	**
W	**	*	**	*
N×W	*	*	ns	ns
不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。和分别代表影响在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著, ns代表未达到显著水平。N为施氮量, W为灌溉定额。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05). and ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect. N is the nitrogen application level, W is the irrigation quota.

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表 5 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对后茬油菜土壤氮素平衡的影响

Table 5. Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on soil nitrogen balance of the succession oilseed rape

kg·hm⁻²
处理 Treatment	氮输入 Nitrogen input		氮输出 Nitrogen output
处理 Treatment	矿化氮 Mineral nitrogen	油菜起始矿质氮 Initial mineral nitrogn for rape season	油菜吸收量 Nitrogen uptake of rape	残留氮 Residual nitrogen	氮素表观损失量 Apparent nitrogen loss
NCWC	−70.43±11.45	278.07±26.70	25.68±0.94Aa	181.96±15.84Ba	70.43±11.45
NCW1	−49.03±12.12	227.26±9.27	23.41±0.23Ba	154.82±12.58Cc	49.03±12.12
NCW2	−9.15±17.66	230.20±27.16	23.30±0.69Ba	197.75±9.43Aa	9.15±17.66
NJWC	−31.16±6.82	223.17±13.85	22.37±1.19Ab	169.64±13.38Bb	31.16±6.82
NJW1	1.74±4.84	196.70±9.01	20.59±0.60Bb	177.85±8.94ABa	0
NJW2	16.51±5.27	193.35±11.85	20.70±0.46Bb	189.16±11.10Aa	0
N0WC	35.57±5.36	148.29±7.56	16.17±0.80Ac	167.69±8.33Ab	0
N0W1	18.48±9.31	165.02±15.77	15.25±0.43ABc	168.25±13.01Aab	0
N0W2	22.65±6.00	160.17±19.59	14.31±0.23Bc	168.51±13.50Ab	0
不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation level (P<0.05).

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表 6 春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对氮肥利用率及残留氮利用率的影响

Table 6. Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on nitrogen utilization and residual nitrogen utilization of the succession oilseed rape

%
处理 Treatment	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen recovery efficiency	残留氮利用率 Residual nitrogen efficiency	累积氮利用率 Accumulative nitrogen efficiency
NCWC	40.25±2.40B	3.40±0.16A	43.65B
NCW1	53.19±1.96A	3.02±0.14A	56.21A
NCW2	35.42±2.46C	3.30±0.19A	38.72C
NJWC	56.73±1.51B	3.07±0.17A	59.80B
NJW1	87.18±3.05A	2.64±0.07A	89.82A
NJW2	46.41±5.79C	3.16±0.27A	49.57C
不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation level (P<0.05).

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