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施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响

韦广源 谭军利 李红 马波 王月梅 田海梅 王西娜

韦广源, 谭军利, 李红, 马波, 王月梅, 田海梅, 王西娜. 施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(11): 1745−1757 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215
引用本文: 韦广源, 谭军利, 李红, 马波, 王月梅, 田海梅, 王西娜. 施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(11): 1745−1757 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215
WEI G Y, TAN J L, LI H, MA B, WANG Y M, TIAN H M, WANG X N. Effects of nitrogen application rate and irrigation quota on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape in Yellow River Irrigation Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(11): 1745−1757 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215
Citation: WEI G Y, TAN J L, LI H, MA B, WANG Y M, TIAN H M, WANG X N. Effects of nitrogen application rate and irrigation quota on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape in Yellow River Irrigation Area[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(11): 1745−1757 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215

施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230215
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200405)、宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC02013)、国家自然科学基金项目(31860590)和宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    韦广源, 主要研究方向为农业水资源高效利用。E-mail: 1029832699@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    谭军利, 主要研究方向为农业水资源高效利用。E-mail: tanjl@nxu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: S565.4

Effects of nitrogen application rate and irrigation quota on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape in Yellow River Irrigation Area

Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0200405), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia (2022AAC02013), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860590), and the First Class Discipline Construction (Hydraulic Engineering) Project of Ningxia Universities (NXYLXK2021A03).
More Information
  • 摘要: 为探讨小麦后复种油菜对小麦茬残留氮素吸收利用及水氮利用的影响, 以期为麦后土壤残留氮素有效利用和农业面源污染阻控提供理论依据, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了小麦茬施氮量[常规施氮(270 kg∙hm−2)、减施氮肥(202.5 kg∙hm−2)和不施氮(0 kg∙hm−2)]和灌溉定额[常规灌溉(400 mm)、节水20% (320 mm)和节水40% (240 mm)]对复种油菜的产量、氮素吸收量以及0~100 cm土壤含水率和矿质氮动态变化的影响, 并进行了两季作物的氮素平衡分析。结果表明, 小麦茬残留氮素对油菜产量和氮素吸收量有显著影响, 氮肥后效与小麦茬的施氮量呈正比。小麦茬常规施氮270 kg∙hm−2时油菜产量和氮素吸收量最高, 分别为6640 kg∙hm−2和25.7 kg∙hm−2, 较小麦茬减施氮肥与不施氮分别增加11.8%与43.5%和14.8%与58.8%; 小麦茬灌溉定额对油菜产量无显著影响, 但对氮素吸收量有显著影响, 常规施氮处理下常规灌溉处理油菜氮素吸收量较节水处理增加9.6%~10.2%。与油菜播前相比, 油菜收获后施氮处理0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮降低18.8~96.1 kg·hm−2; 常规施氮处理较减氮和不施氮处理增加了油菜对残留氮素吸收能力。油菜翻压还田并经过冬季的冻融后, 在下一季小麦播前, 0~100 cm土层的土壤矿质氮增加86.1~171.8 kg·hm−2, 增加量与小麦茬的施氮量呈正相关。常规施氮+常规灌溉定额0~100 cm土壤贮水量变化较小, 氮肥后效显著提高了油菜灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率及降水生产效率, 常规施氮+节水20%处理灌溉水利用效率和降水生产效率最高, 而常规施氮+节水40%处理油菜水分利用效率最高。在本试验条件下, 减氮+节水20%处理的氮肥累积利用率最高, 达89.8%。小麦茬施氮量为270 kg·hm−2, 灌溉定额为320~400 mm显著提高了复种油菜的产量、吸氮量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率及降水生产效率, 并降低了施氮处理土壤矿质氮含量。而油菜翻压还田经过冬季冻融后显著增加了土壤矿质氮含量。
  • 图  1  2021年研究区月降水量

    Figure  1.  Monthly precipitation in the study area in 2021

    图  2  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的产量

    *和**分别代表影响在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著, ns代表未达到显著水平。N为施氮量, W为灌溉定额。不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。* and ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect. N is the nitrogen application level, W is the irrigation quota. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application treatments (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05).

    Figure  2.  Yield of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat

    图  3  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的氮素吸收量

    *和**分别代表影响在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著, ns代表未达到显著水平。N为施氮量, W为灌溉定额。不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。* and ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect. N is the nitrogen application level, W is the irrigation quota. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application treatments (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05).

    Figure  3.  Nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat

    图  4  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的0~100 cm土层土壤水分分布(a、b、c分别为油菜播前、油菜收获和下一季春小麦播前)

    Figure  4.  Soil water distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat (a, b and c are before oilseed rape sowing, oilseed rape harvest and before the next spring wheat sowing, respectively)

    图  5  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下油菜的0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布(a、b、c分别为油菜播前、油菜收获和下一季春小麦播前)

    Figure  5.  Soil mineral nitrogen distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer of succession oilseed rape under different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat (a, b and c are before oilseed rape sowing, oilseed rape harvest and before the next spring wheat sowing, respectively)

    表  1  供试土壤0~100 cm基本理化性状

    Table  1.   Basic physical and chemical properties in 0−100 cm layer of the tested soil

    土层
    Soil layer
    (cm)
    容重
    Bulk density
    (g·cm−3)
    有机质
    Organic matter
    (g·kg−1)
    全氮
    Total nitrogen
    (g·kg−1)
    矿质态氮
    Mineral nitrogen
    (mg·kg−1)
    全磷
    Total phosphorus
    (g·kg−1)
    速效磷
    Available phosphorus
    (mg·kg−1)
    速效钾
    Available potassium
    (mg·kg−1)
    pH
    0~201.1816.300.5932.010.5724.69143.017.83
    20~401.2114.820.4127.570.4322.70135.257.50
    40~601.1913.080.4223.560.3815.84126.907.32
    60~801.2313.620.3421.790.3016.31122.727.31
    80~1001.2311.600.2217.220.267.89128.697.31
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  不同处理小麦季试验施氮量和灌溉定额

    Table  2.   Nitrogen application levels and irrigation regimes of different treatments for spring wheat

    处理
    Treatment
    施氮水平
    Nitrogen
    level
    灌溉定额
    Irrigation
    regime
    施氮量
    Nitrogen
    application rate
    (kg·hm−2)
    灌溉定额
    Irrigation quota
    (mm)
    NCWCNCWC270400
    NCW1NCW1270320
    NCW2NCW2270240
    NJWCNJWC202.5400
    NJW1NJW1202.5320
    NJW2NJW2202.5240
    N0WCN0WC0400
    N0W1N0W10320
    N0W2N0W20240
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理下春小麦收获后0~100 cm土壤矿质氮残留量

    Table  3.   Residual mineral nitrogen contents in 0−100 cm soil layer after spring wheat harvesting with different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation

    kg·hm−2 
    处理
    Treatment
    土层深度 Soil depth (cm)
    0~2020~4040~6060~8080~1000~100
    NCWC81.07±7.76Aa67.77±8.75Aa51.51±5.21Aa42.03±4.80Aa35.68±6.10Aa278.07±26.70Aa
    NCW166.31±0.71Ba52.74±5.39Aa41.84±4.01Aa36.55±1.51ABa29.81±0.35Aa227.26±9.27Aa
    NCW260.78±3.35Ba54.63±8.33Aa45.28±9.75Aa34.32±0.66Bab35.18±6.96Aa230.19±27.16Aa
    NJWC51.45±10.26Ab52.01±2.75Ab48.83±12.90Aab39.31±11.92Aa31.56±4.65Aab223.16±13.85Ab
    NJW150.32±2.32Ab49.19±6.78ABa35.93±1.37Aab31.43±2.77Aa29.82±2.67Aa196.69±9.01Ab
    NJW248.08±4.60Aab40.15±2.12Ba33.00±2.19Aa39.49±5.98Aa32.64±2.36Aa193.35±11.85Ab
    N0WC38.18±3.17Ab33.35±1.50Ac30.02±2.07Ab26.25±2.26Aa20.48±4.97Ab148.28±7.56Ac
    N0W140.13±9.64Ab39.75±5.69Aa32.22±3.52Ab28.65±3.48Ab24.27±6.68Aa165.02±15.77Ac
    N0W236.85±12.60Ab37.32±8.68Aa36.66±18.46Aa26.44±4.67Ab22.90±10.51Aa160.17±19.59Ac
      不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application treatments (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对油菜水分利用效率的影响

    Table  4.   Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on water use efficiency of the succession oilseed rape

    处理
    Treatment
    耗水量
    Water consumption
    (mm)
    灌溉水利用效率
    Utilization rate of irrigation water
    (kg·m−3)
    水分利用效率
    Water use efficiency
    (kg·m−3)
    降水生产效率
    Precipitation productivity
    (kg·mm−1)
    NCWC 181.81±5.17Aa 5.32±0.37Ba 3.27±0.33Ca 111.64±7.46Aa
    NCW1 184.57±8.66Aa 5.95±0.29Aa 3.61±0.33Ba 124.87±5.83Aa
    NCW2 145.96±9.72Ba 5.33±0.13Ba 4.10±0.33Aa 111.89±2.56Aa
    NJWC 163.34±9.06Ab 5.20±0.42ABa 3.58±0.49Ba 109.06±8.57Aa
    NJW1 156.57±12.92Ab 5.33±0.13Ab 3.82±0.30ABa 111.74±2.70Ab
    NJW2 126.99±5.67Bb 4.55±0.12Bb 4.01±0.26Aa 97.97±2.65Ab
    N0WC 161.55±7.37Ab 4.06±0.13Ab 2.81±0.06Ab 85.19±2.59Ab
    N0W1 158.50±3.23Aa 4.15±0.15Ac 2.46±0.13Bb 87.01±3.06Ac
    N0W2 122.52±1.81Bb 4.26±0.06Ac 2.88±0.10Ab 89.43±1.15Ac
    N ** ** ** **
    W ** * ** *
    N×W * * ns ns
      不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。*和**分别代表影响在P<0.05和P<0.01水平显著, ns代表未达到显著水平。N为施氮量, W为灌溉定额。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation quota (P<0.05). * and ** indicate significant effects at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels, respectively; “ns” indicates no significant effect. N is the nitrogen application level, W is the irrigation quota.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对后茬油菜土壤氮素平衡的影响

    Table  5.   Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on soil nitrogen balance of the succession oilseed rape

    kg·hm−2 
    处理
    Treatment
    氮输入 Nitrogen input氮输出 Nitrogen output
    矿化氮
    Mineral nitrogen
    油菜起始矿质氮
    Initial mineral nitrogn for rape season
    油菜吸收量
    Nitrogen uptake of rape
    残留氮
    Residual nitrogen
    氮素表观损失量
    Apparent nitrogen loss
    NCWC −70.43±11.45 278.07±26.70 25.68±0.94Aa 181.96±15.84Ba 70.43±11.45
    NCW1 −49.03±12.12 227.26±9.27 23.41±0.23Ba 154.82±12.58Cc 49.03±12.12
    NCW2 −9.15±17.66 230.20±27.16 23.30±0.69Ba 197.75±9.43Aa 9.15±17.66
    NJWC −31.16±6.82 223.17±13.85 22.37±1.19Ab 169.64±13.38Bb 31.16±6.82
    NJW1 1.74±4.84 196.70±9.01 20.59±0.60Bb 177.85±8.94ABa 0
    NJW2 16.51±5.27 193.35±11.85 20.70±0.46Bb 189.16±11.10Aa 0
    N0WC 35.57±5.36 148.29±7.56 16.17±0.80Ac 167.69±8.33Ab 0
    N0W1 18.48±9.31 165.02±15.77 15.25±0.43ABc 168.25±13.01Aab 0
    N0W2 22.65±6.00 160.17±19.59 14.31±0.23Bc 168.51±13.50Ab 0
      不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation level (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  春小麦茬不同施氮量和灌溉定额处理对氮肥利用率及残留氮利用率的影响

    Table  6.   Effects of different treatments of nitrogen application and irrigation of spring wheat on nitrogen utilization and residual nitrogen utilization of the succession oilseed rape

    % 
    处理
    Treatment
    氮肥利用率
    Nitrogen recovery efficiency
    残留氮利用率
    Residual nitrogen efficiency
    累积氮利用率
    Accumulative nitrogen efficiency
    NCWC40.25±2.40B3.40±0.16A43.65B
    NCW153.19±1.96A3.02±0.14A56.21A
    NCW235.42±2.46C3.30±0.19A38.72C
    NJWC56.73±1.51B3.07±0.17A59.80B
    NJW187.18±3.05A2.64±0.07A89.82A
    NJW246.41±5.79C3.16±0.27A49.57C
      不同大写字母表示相同施氮量下不同灌溉量(WC、W1、W2)处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同灌溉量下不同施氮量(NC、NJ、N0)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different irrigation quotas (WC, W1, W2) at the same nitrogen application level (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels (NC, NJ, N0) at the same irrigation level (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2023-04-21
  • 录用日期:  2023-06-06
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  • 刊出日期:  2023-11-10

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