Meta analysis of the effects of foliar Se application on grain yield, protein content, and Se accumulation of winter wheat
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摘要: 为评估我国冬小麦叶面施硒对籽粒产量、品质和硒富集的影响, 收集了共计379组样本, 利用Meta分析方法, 以不施硒为对照组, 叶面施硒为试验组, 整合分析叶面施硒对冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质及硒含量的影响, 并利用亚组分析评价不同因素对叶面施硒效果的影响。结果表明: 与不施硒肥相比, 叶面施硒冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和硒含量分别显著提高3.80%、2.44%和764.56%。在不同区域, 叶面施硒对冬小麦的提质增产效应表现为东部高于西部, 南部高于北部; 籽粒硒的富集效应整体表现为自西向东逐渐降低。从叶面施硒管理看, 叶面施硒在灌浆前期喷施一次或孕穗期和灌浆前期喷施两次效果较好, 叶面施硒量为15~60 g·hm−2籽粒可达到富硒标准及满足人体所需。土壤条件也是影响冬小麦叶面施硒提质增产效果的重要因素, 土壤硒含量和土壤全氮含量对叶面施硒的增产效应有显著影响, 在土壤硒含量为0.2~0.4 mg·kg−1时叶面施硒提质增产效应最高, 叶面施硒的增产效应随土壤全氮含量增加而降低; 土壤硒、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量对叶面施硒提质效应具有显著影响, 其中, 土壤全硒含量为0.2~0.4 mg·kg−1、全氮含量>1.5 g·kg−1、有效磷含量>20 mg·kg−1、速效钾含量为100~200 mg·kg−1时, 叶面施硒提质效应最明显; 土壤硒、有机质和速效钾含量是影响叶面施硒对籽粒硒富集效果的重要肥力因素。冬小麦籽粒对硒的富集效应随土壤有机质和速效钾含量的升高而显著提升, 而在缺硒土壤(<0.2 mg·kg−1)硒富集效应更高。因此, 根据区域优化土壤条件和叶面施硒不仅能实现冬小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的协同提升、达到富硒标准, 还能降低环境污染, 为富硒小麦可持续生产管理提供支撑。Abstract: To quantitatively analyze the impact of foliar Se application on grain yield, quality, and Se accumulation in winter wheat in China, 41 published studies (36 in Chinese and 5 in English) with a total of 379 pairs of samples were collected. A Meta-analysis was used to comprehensively analyze the effects of foliar Se application on the yield, grain protein, and Se content of winter wheat, and a subgroup analysis was used to evaluate the effects of different factors on response of winter wheat to foliar Se application, with no Se application as the control group and foliar Se application as the experimental group. The results showed that compared with no Se application, the yield, grain protein, and Se contents of winter wheat were increased by foliar Se application, with incremental rates of 3.80%, 2.44%, and 764.56%, respectively. In terms of the different regions, the effect of foliar Se application on yield and quality improvement was greater in the east and south than in the west and north, respectively. Overall, the effect of grain Se enrichment gradually decreased from west to east. In terms of foliar Se application management factors, it was most worthwhile to apply 15−60 g·hm−2 once at the early filling stage or twice at the boot stage and early filling stage, which would meet the standard of Se enrichment and human needs. Soil fertility was an important factor influencing the effect of foliar Se application on the yield and quality of winter wheat. Soil contents of Se and total N had a significant effect on yield-increasing effect of foliar Se application. The effect of foliar Se application on yield improvement was the highest when the Se content of soil was between 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1. The effect of foliar Se application on winter wheat yield decreased with increasing total soil N. Soil Se, total N, available P, and available K contents significantly affected the effects of foliar Se application on protein content. The effect of foliar Se application on grain protein was higher when the soil Se content was between 0.2−0.4 mg·kg−1, total N>1.5 g·kg−1, available P>20 mg·kg−1, and available K=100−200 mg·kg−1. Soil fertility (soil Se content, organic matter content, and available K content) was the main factor affecting Se accumulation in grain when Se fertilizer was applied to the foliar. When the soil organic matter and available K contents were enhanced, foliar Se application had significantly increased the Se accumulation; however, the effect of Se accumulation caused by foliar Se application was high in Se-poor soil (<0.2 mg·kg−1). Therefore, foliar Se application measures and soil conditions for optimization in different regions not only synergistically achieve the goals of high yields, good quality, and Se accumulation standards of wheat, but also reduce environmental contamination, which provides support for sustainable wheat production management with Se enrichment.
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Key words:
- Winter wheat /
- Selenium application /
- Yield /
- Protein content /
- Se accumulation /
- Meta-analysis
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图 2 不同区域(A)、施硒措施(B)和土壤肥力(C)对叶面施硒的冬小麦产量效应值的影响
误差线代表95%置信区间; 括号内数值为样本数。CE: 华东; CC: 华中; NW: 西北; NC: 华北; Once: 叶面施硒一次; Twice: 叶面施硒两次; JS: 拔节期叶面施硒; BS: 孕穗期叶面施硒; HS: 抽穗期叶面施硒; FS: 开花期叶面施硒; EFS: 灌浆前期叶面施硒。The error bar denotes the 95% confidence interval. The data in parentheses is the independent sample size. CE: Eastern China; CC: Central China; NW: Northwest China; NC: North China; AAT: average annual temperature; AAP: average annual precipitation; Once: applying Se one time; Twice: applying Se two times; JS: applying Se at jointing stage; BS: applying Se at booting stage; HS: applying Se at heading stage; FS: applying Se at flowering stage; EFS: applying Se at early filling stage; SeAT: Se application times; SeAP: Se application period; SeAR: Se application rate; STSe: soil total Se; SAK: soil available K; SAP: soil available P; STN: soil total N; SOM: soil organic matter.
Figure 2. Effects of region (A), Se application measure (B) and soil fertility (C) on the response of winter wheat yield to foliar Se application
图 3 不同区域(A)、施硒措施(B)和土壤肥力(C)对叶面施硒的冬小麦籽粒蛋白质效应值的影响
误差线代表95%置信区间; 括号内数值为样本数。CE: 华东; CC: 华中; NW: 西北; NC: 华北; Once: 叶面施硒一次; Twice: 叶面施硒两次; JS: 拔节期叶面施硒; BS: 孕穗期叶面施硒; HS: 抽穗期叶面施硒; FS: 开花期叶面施硒; EFS: 灌浆前期叶面施硒。The error bar denotes the 95% confidence interval. The data in parentheses is the independent sample size. CE: Eastern China; CC: Central China; NW: Northwest China; NC: North China; AAT: average annual temperature; AAP: average annual precipitation; Once: applying Se one time; Twice: applying Se two times; JS: applying Se at jointing stage; BS: applying Se at booting stage; HS: applying Se at heading stage; FS: applying Se at flowering stage; EFS: applying Se at early filling stage; SeAT: Se application times; SeAP: Se application period; SeAR: Se application rate; STSe: soil total Se; SAK: soil available K; SAP: soil available P; STN: soil total N; SOM: soil organic matter.
Figure 3. Effects of region (A), Se application measure (B) and soil fertility (C) on the response of winter wheat grain protein concent to foliar Se application
图 4 不同区域(A)、施硒措施(B)和土壤肥力(C)对叶面施硒的冬小麦籽粒硒含量效应值的影响
误差线代表95%置信区间; 括号内数值为样本数。CE: 华东; CC: 华中; NW: 西北; NC: 华北; Once: 叶面施硒一次; Twice: 叶面施硒两次; JS: 拔节期叶面施硒; BS: 孕穗期叶面施硒; HS: 抽穗期叶面施硒; FS: 开花期叶面施硒; EFS: 灌浆前期叶面施硒。The error bar denotes the 95% confidence interval. The data in parentheses is the independent sample size. CE: Eastern China; CC: Central China; NW: Northwest China; NC: North China; AAT: average annual temperature; AAP: average annual precipitation; Once: applying Se one time; Twice: applying Se two times; JS: applying Se at jointing stage; BS: applying Se at booting stage; HS: applying Se at heading stage; FS: applying Se at flowering stage; EFS: applying Se at early filling stage; SeAT: Se application times; SeAP: Se application period; SeAR: Se application rate; STSe: soil total Se; SAK: soil available K; SAP: soil available P; STN: soil total N; SOM: soil organic matter.
Figure 4. Effects of region (A), Se application measure (B) and soil fertility (C) on the response of winter wheat grain Se content to foliar Se application
图 5 冬小麦籽粒硒含量影响因素决策树分析
每个节点表示预测的类别(富硒/籽粒硒不达标)及籽粒富硒率/籽粒硒不达标率(%)。Each node represents the predicted category (Se enrichment / deficiency) and (Se enrichment / deficiency rate, %) in winter wheat grains. E-Se: Se enrichment; D-Se: Se deficiency; SeAR: Se application rate; STSe: soil total Se; SOM: soil organic matter.
Figure 5. Decision tree analysis of factors affecting Se content in winter wheat grains
表 1 施硒对冬小麦产量、蛋白质含量及硒富集效应数据库解释变量分类分组
Table 1. Classification and grouping of explanatory variables for effects of foliar Se application on winter wheat grain yield, protein content, and Se accumulation database
影响因素
Influence factor样本量
Number分组亚类
Classification of sub-group试验区域 Experiment region 379 华北、华中、华东、西北 North China, Central China, East China, Northwest China 年平均气温 Average annual temperature (℃) 379 <10、10~14、>14 年平均降水量 Average annual precipitation (mm) 379 <400、400~600、>600 施硒次数 Se application time 379 一次、两次 Once, twice 施硒时期 Se application period 379 拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆前期
Jointing stage, booting stage, heading stage, flowering stage, early filling stage施硒量 Se application rate (g·hm−2) 379 <10、10~30、30~60、60~100、>100 土壤全硒 Soil total Se (mg·kg−1) 286 <0.2、0.2~0.4、>0.4 土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (g·kg−1) 349 <10、10~15、>15 土壤全氮 Soil total N (g·kg−1) 224 <1.0、1.0~1.5、>1.5 土壤有效磷 Soil available P (mg·kg−1) 351 <10、10~20、>20 土壤速效钾 Soil available K (mg·kg−1) 351 <100、100~200、>200 表 2 叶面施硒对冬小麦产量和品质的综合效应量
Table 2. Comprehensive effect size of foliar Se application on yield and quality of winter wheat
指标
Index样本量
Samping number提高率
Increase rate (%)异质性检验 Heterogeneity test 发表偏倚检验 Publication test Q PQ 5n+10 失安全数 Fail-safe number Egger’s 产量 Yield 343 3.80 360 >0.05 1725 5.05×104 0.411 籽粒硒含量 Grain Se content 218 764.56 255 <0.05 1100 8.57×106 0.114 籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein content 166 2.44 225 <0.01 840 5.74×104 0.382 Q: 异质性检验统计量; PQ: Q统计量显著性P值。Q: statistic of heterogeneity test; PQ: significant value of Q. 表 3 叶面施硒对冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和硒含量效应的数据异质性分析
Table 3. Data heterogeneity for the effects of foliar Se application on grain yield, protein content, and Se accumulation of winter wheat
分组
Classification group产量 Yield 硒含量 Se content 蛋白质含量
Protein contentQtra Qter P-Qter Qtra Qter P-Qter Qtra Qter P-Qter 试验区域 Experiment region 361 11.73 <0.01 271.41 2.91 0.41 161 65.86 <0.01 年平均气温 Average annual temperature 361 14.68 <0.01 285.12 3.93 <0.05 211 14.01 <0.01 年平均降水量 Average annual precipitation 352 26.36 <0.01 180.80 3.60 0.17 255 19.41 <0.01 施硒次数 Se application times 361 0.03 0.87 279.93 18.02 <0.01 219 4.04 <0.05 施硒时期 Se application period 359 8.12 0.09 261.28 32.98 <0.01 186 34.00 <0.01 施硒量 Se application rate 347 11.64 <0.05 343.29 111.98 <0.01 188 50.37 <0.01 土壤全硒 Soil total Se 279 8.11 <0.05 151.41 33.09 <0.01 167 28.71 <0.01 土壤有机质 Soil organic matter 326 4.42 0.11 266.32 30.83 <0.01 221 0.88 0.64 土壤全氮 Soil total N 180 18.41 <0.01 115.24 2.13 0.34 95 18.48 <0.01 土壤有效磷 Soil available P 344 0.70 0.70 279.91 5.74 0.06 200 23.48 <0.01 土壤速效钾 Soil available K 342 3.60 0.17 229.90 27.69 <0.01 216 6.00 <0.05 Qtra: 组内异质; Qter: 组间异质; P-Qter: 组间异质性检验的显著程度。Qtra: test statistic of intra group heterogeneity; Qter: test statistic of inter group heterogeneity; P-Qter: significance of inter group heterogeneity test. -
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