Mitigation technologies for organized emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gas from livestock farms
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摘要: 养殖场排放氨气及温室气体(NH3、N2O、CH4)末端处理技术近年来获得了国内外学者的广泛关注与持续研究, 但不同畜种粪污管理各环节气体排放规律和阻控优先序尚不清楚, 不同处理技术的处理效果、处理成本和适用场景尚不明确, 缺乏多气体协同处理的技术体系。因此, 本研究通过系统梳理已发表的文献, 采用数据挖掘(data mining)的方法分析了猪、鸡、牛、羊4种畜种不同粪污管理环节(圈舍环节、固体粪污贮藏环节、液体粪污贮藏环节和固体粪污堆肥环节)气体排放和优先序特征, 总结了与气体排放相匹配的减排技术特点, 梳理了针对NH3、N2O、CH4减排的各种技术原理与减排效果, 探讨了粪污管理过程各环节气体阻控的优先序及潜在技术途径, 可以为养殖场外排尾气处理不同类型技术组合和设计提供支撑, 以实现养殖场氨气及温室气体减排的目标。指出现有NH3、N2O、CH4末端处理技术的不足, 展望了NH3、N2O、CH4末端协同处理技术的研究方向, 旨在为养殖场外排尾气未来技术研发提供依据。Abstract: The end treatment technology for ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions (NH3, N2O, CH4) from livestock farms has received widespread attention and continuous research from scholars both domestically and internationally in recent years. However, the gas emission patterns and priorities of control in different livestock manure management stages are still unclear. A comprehensive comparison of treatment effects, costs, and applicable scenarios of different treatment technologies are uncertain, lacking a technical system for multi gas reduction. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the published literatures and used data mining methods to analyze the gas emission characteristics, priority characteristics, emission reduction technologies, and application potential of the livestock house, solid manure storage, liquid manure storage, and solid manure composting processes of pig, chicken, cattle, and sheep manure management. The emission reduction technology characteristics that match the gas emissions priority were summarized. The emission reduction technologies for NH3, N2O, and CH4 were discussed. The various technical principles and potential effects of NH3, N2O, and CH4 emission reduction were discussed, and the priority and potential technical approaches for gas resistance control in various stages of manure pollution management process were explored. These works could provide support for the combination and design of different technologies for the treatment of tail gas discharged from livestock farms to achieve the goal of reducing ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions. Pointing to the shortcomings of existing end treatment technologies, this study looked forward to the research direction of NH3, N2O, and CH4 end treatment technology, aiming to provide a basis for the design of tail gas treatment processes and future technology research and development in livestock farms.
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Key words:
- Gas emissions from livestock farms /
- NH3 /
- N2O /
- CH4 /
- End treatment technology /
- Emission reduction
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图 1 养殖粪污全链条管理有组织排放氨气和温室气体产排原理
POLL: 污染物; OC: 有机碳; OA: 有机酸; ON: 有机氮。
Figure 1. Principles of organized emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases in the whole chain management of livestock manure pollution
POLL: pollutants; OC: organic carbon; OA: organic acids; ON: organic nitrogen.
图 2 不同动物粪污管理过程各环节NH3、N2O和CH4排放特征
Figure 2. Characteristics of NH3, N2O, and CH4 emissions from various stages of manure management process of different animals
图 3 氨气和温室气体末端处理技术原理与设备
Figure 3. Principle and equipment of terminal treatment technology for ammonia and greenhouse gases
图 4 养殖粪污管理过程各环节氨气和温室气体末端减排潜在技术路线
Figure 4. Potential technology routes for terminal emission reduction of ammionia and greenhouse gases at different stages of aquaculture manure management process
表 1 养殖场粪污全链条管理过程NH3和温室气体排放速率和优先序规律
Table 1. NH3 and greenhouse gases emission rates and priorties in the whole-chain management process of livestock manure pollution
粪污管理环节
Manure management stage畜种
Species排放浓度/排放速率
Emission concentration/Emission rate排放规律
Emission pattern优先序
Priority order参考文献
ReferenceNH3 CH4 N2O NH3 CH4, N2O 圈舍环节
Housing stage (mg∙m−3)猪
Pig0.7~26.5 1.6~9.8 0.47~0.9 日内受清粪频率影响, 夏季排放
通量大, 冬季排放通量小
Daily ammonia emissions are influenced by manure removal frequency, with higher emission rates in summer and lower emission rates in winter夏季排放通量大, 冬季排放通量小
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions exhibit higher emission rates in summer and lower emission rates in winter气体排放无明显优先序
Gas emissions show no discernible priority order[1-2] 鸡
Chicken3~19 2.5~32.4 — [3-4] 牛
Cattle11~79 0.2~11.3 1.43~1.63 [5-6] 羊
Sheep0.71~1.35 7.05~250.62 — [7] 贮藏环节
Storage stage (g∙m−2∙d−1)猪
Pig0~6.48 0~5.5 0~144 夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Ammonia gas emissions are higher in summer and lower in winterCH4排放较为均匀; N2O夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Methane emissions are relatively uniform (consistent or evenly distributed), while nitrous oxide emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter贮存前期以NH3、N2O和CH4
排放为主, 贮存中后期以N2O和
CH4排放为主
During the early stage of storage, ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions are predominant, while in the mid to late storage period, nitrous oxide and methane emissions take precedence[8-10] 鸡
Chicken6.00~85.92 0~30.08 — CH4夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Methane emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter[11-13] 牛
Cattle0~5.0 0~25 0~2.3 CH4夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小; N2O夏天排放量小, 冬天排放量大
Methane emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter, whereas nitrous oxide emissions are lower in summer and higher in winter[9,14] 羊
Sheep0~8 0.30~11.86 0~1.1 夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter[15-17] 液体粪污贮存环节
Liquid manure storage stage
(g∙m−2∙d−1)猪
Pig0~19.9 0~35 79~91 夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Ammonia gas emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter气体排放无明显优先序
Gas emissions show no clear priority order[18-21] 液体粪污贮存环节
Liquid manure storage stage
(g∙m−2∙d−1)牛
Cattle0~13.69 0~80 0~1 夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小
Ammonia gas emissions are higher in summer and lower in winterCH4夏天排放量大, 冬天排放量小; N2O冬夏排放量大
Methane emissions are higher in summer and lower in winter, while nitrous oxide emissions are substantial during both summer and winter气体排放无明显优先序
Gas emissions show no clear priority order[21-24] 固体粪污堆肥环节
Solid manure composting stage
(mg∙d−1)猪
Pig100~980 80.60~807.61 57.25~71.7 氨气排放集中在高温期
Ammonia gas emissions are concentrated during the high-temperature periodCH4排放集中在升温期, N2O排放集中在降温期和腐熟期
Methane emissions are concentrated during the warming period, while nitrous oxide emissions are concentrated during the cooling and decomposition periodsCH4排放集中在堆肥前期,
NH3排放集中在堆肥前期和中期,
N2O排放集中在堆肥后期
Methane emissions are
concentrated during the early
phase of composting, ammonia emissions are concentrated during both the early and middle phases of composting, and nitrous oxide emissions are concentrated during the later phase of composting[25-26] 鸡
Chicken800~840 65.00~842.48 7.5~39.50 CH4排放集中在升温期, N2O排放集中在升温期、降温期和腐熟期
Methane emissions are concentrated during the warming period, while nitrous oxide emissions are concentrated during the warming, cooling, and decomposition periods[26-27] 牛
Cattle0~980 140~3522 4.5~267 CH4排放集中在升温期, N2O排放集中在升温期、降温期和腐熟期
Methane emissions are concentrated during the warming period, while nitrous oxide emissions are concentrated during the warming, cooling, and decomposition periods[26-28] 羊
Sheep2600~5400 7.05~290.00 2.6 CH4排放集中在降温期, N2O排放集中在降温期
Methane emissions are concentrated during the cooling period, while nitrous oxide emissions are concentrated during the cooling period[29-30] 
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表 2 不同氨气和温室气体末端处理技术比较
Table 2. Comparison of different treatment technologies for ammonia and greenhouse gases
气体类型
Gas type处理方法
Processing method处理效果
Processing effect处理成本
Processing cost
[¥·kg−1(NH3) or (CO2eq)]文献来源
Literature source氨气
Ammonia物理化学法
Physicochemical method吸附法
Adsorption活性炭/生物炭
Activated carbon/biochar:
4~75 mg·g−1;
硅胶 Silica gel: 5~45 mg·g−1;
沸石 Zeolite: 24~38 mg·g−1活性炭/生物炭
Activated carbon/biochar: 52~800
硅胶 Silica gel: 220~2000
沸石 Zeolite: 105.2~333.6[52, 90-93] 空气洗涤法
Air washing method水洗法去除率 Reduction rate
of water washing method −20%~80%
酸洗法去除率 Reduction rate
of acid washing method 29.83%~90.88%水洗法 Water washing method: 4.2~5.2
酸洗法 Acid washing method: 5.24~6.24[55, 94-97] 生物法
Biological method生物洗涤法
Biological washing method去除率 Reduction rate: 79%~98% 20.82~90.60 [96] 生物过滤法
Biofiltration去除率 Reduction rate: 30%~92% 65.18~181.08 [39, 98-99] 生物滴滤法
Bio-trickling filtration去除率 Reduction rate: 70%~98.5% 69.49~362.15 [100-102] 温室气体
Greenhouse gasesCH4处理方法
Processing method of CH4微生物氧化法
Microbial oxidation method去除率 Reduction rate: 25%~43% 1.04~6.93 [71-72,
103-105]催化转化法
Catalytic conversion转化率 Conversion rate: 9%~97% 11.19~16.84 [75, 106-107] 热氧化技术
Thermal oxidation technology分解率 Decomposition rate: 2%~100% 5~5.8 [105-106] 富集回收法
Enrichment and recovery method回收率 Recovery rate: 70%~95% 1.21~2.21 [79, 80, 107] N2O处理方法
Processing method of N2O氧化分解法
Oxidative decomposition method去除率 Reduction rate: 8.9%~93.3% — [108-111] 生物法
Biological method去除率 Reduction rate: 40%~60% — [88-89]
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表 3 养殖粪污管理过程各环节NH3、N2O和CH4潜在污染控制技术列单
Table 3. List of potential pollution control technologies of NH3, N2O and CH4 at different stages of aquaculture manure management process
场景 Application scenario NH3 N2O CH4 圈舍环节
Housing stage空气洗涤/生物洗涤
Air / biological washing method生物反应器/氧化分解法
Bioreactor / oxidative decomposition生物氧化/催化转化
Biological oxidation / catalytic conversion固体粪污贮藏环节
Storage of solid manure生物洗涤/生物过滤
Biological washing method / biofiltration生物反应器/氧化分解法
Bioreactor / oxidative decomposition生物氧化/催化转化/富集回收
Biological oxidation / catalytic conversion /
enrichment and recovery method液体粪污储存
Storage of liquid manure空气洗涤/生物洗涤/生物过滤/生物滴滤
Air washing / biological washing / biofilter /
bio-trickling filtration生物反应器/氧化分解法
Bioreactor / oxidative decomposition生物氧化/催化转化/富集回收
Biological oxidation / catalytic conversion /
enrichment and recovery method固体废物堆肥
Compost of solid manure生物洗涤/生物过滤
Biological washing / biofilter生物反应器/氧化分解法
Bioreactor / oxidative decomposition生物氧化/催化氧化
Biological oxidation / catalytic conversion
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