耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响

文高辉; 黄丹妮; 谢依林; 胡贤辉

doi:10.12357/cjea.20230294

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响以常德市为例

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20230294

文高辉^{1, 2,},
黄丹妮¹,
谢依林¹,
胡贤辉^1, ,

1.
湖南师范大学地理科学学院　长沙　410081
2.
地理空间大数据挖掘与应用湖南省重点实验室　长沙　410081

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41801190)、湖南省教育厅重点项目(22A0066)、湖南省自然科学基金项目(2023JJ30407)、广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD21YGL05)和湖南省自然资源科研项目(2022-33)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
文高辉, 主要从事土地经济与管理。E-mail: wengaohui360101@sina.com

通讯作者:
胡贤辉, 主要从事土地经济与管理。E-mail: hxh66698@hunnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: F323.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-25
- 录用日期: 2023-09-11
- 修回日期: 2023-09-08
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-16

Impact of cultivated land operating scale on farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency: a case of Changde City

WEN Gaohui^{1, 2
,},
HUANG Danni¹,
XIE Yilin¹,
HU Xianhui^{1
, ,}

1.
School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
2.
Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Changsha 410081, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (41801190), the Key project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education (22A0066), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30407), the Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project of Guangdong Province (GD21YGL05), and the Natural Resources Research Project of Hunan Province (2022-33).

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: hxh66698@hunnu. edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径, 耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一, 探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户视角, 从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响, 并利用常德市416 份农户问卷调查数据, 运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明: 农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升, 样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多, 占总样本比重为94.95%, 较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力; 农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830, 还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响, 二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系, 且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm²; 农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此, 应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上, 进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户, 以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。
- 水稻生产 /
- 耕地规模经营 /
- 生态效率 /
- 随机前沿模型 /
- 农户
Abstract: Improving the rice production ecological efficiency is the key pathway to achieve the dual goals of guarantee of the stable growth of grain production and reduction of the environmental losses of cultivated land use. Cultivated land is one of the most basic production means in agricultural production activities. Therefore, it is of great significance for promoting moderate scale agricultural operating and cultivated land sustainable utilization to explore the impact of cultivated land operating scale on farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency. Unlike other studies that mostly focus on the medium and macro dimension of cities and provinces, this study is based on the micro dimension of grain production - farmers’ perspective. Moreover, the conclusions obtained from this study can make up for the lack in previous studies of targeted exploration on the impact mechanism of cultivated land operating scale on farmers’ rice production (ecological) efficiency and whether there is a non-linear relationship between them. Using 416 questionnaire survey data of farmers in Changde City, the random frontier analysis method is used to construct an efficiency calculation model and an impact model for empirical testing the relationship between cultivated land operating scale and the farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency. The results was shown as follows. 1) The farmers’ scale level and rice production ecological efficiency need to be improved. Among the sample farmers, the number of smaller operating scale farmers was the highest, accounting for 94.95% of the total sample. This indicated that smaller scale farmers were still the main force of agricultural production. The average of farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency was 0.830 with 0.170 rooms for improvement. 2) The cultivated land operating scale had a significant impact on the farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency. The farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency tended to increase then decrease with the expansion of cultivated land operating scale. Their relationship was non simple linear but exhibited an “inverted U” with an inflection point located in the range of 1.2−1.4 hm². It was not necessarily true that the larger cultivated land operating scale, the higher farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency. The blind expansion of cultivated land operating scale could lead to a decrease in the farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to promote cultivated land moderate scale operation. 3) The farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency was also significantly positively affected by the education level of the head of household, dependency ratio and proportion of agricultural income, as well as significantly negatively affected by the age of the head of household. Therefore, we have to recognize that small-scale farmers will exist for a long time. Based on this, we should further enlarge the plot size to promote the cultivated land moderate scale operation, and promote the cultivated land concentration to reduce the degree of cultivated land fragmentation. At the same time, the government not only should continuously promote fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement to accelerate the development of low-carbon agriculture, but also need to cultivate new farmers and increase supports for them to promote the ecological transformation of rice production.
- Rice production /
- Cultivated land scale operation /
- Ecological efficiency /
- Stochastic frontier model /
- Peasant household

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图 1 耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响机理

Figure 1. Influence mechanism of cultivated land operating scale on farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency

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图 2 总样本农户水稻生产生态效率占比分布图

Figure 2. Distribution of proportions of rice production ecological efficiency for overall sample farmers

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图 3 耕地经营规模与农户水稻生产生态效率的关系

Figure 3. Relationship between cultivated land operating scale and farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency

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表 1 水稻生产生态效率评价指标体系

Table 1. Index system of rice production ecological efficiency evaluation

类别Type	变量 Variable	符号Symbol	指标 Index		指标内涵 Connotation
投入 Input	劳动投入 Labor input	L_i	劳动力投入 Labor input (d∙hm⁻²)		单位播种面积水稻生产过程中投入的劳动时间 Labor time per unit sown area during rice production
	资本投入 Capital input	K_i	固定资本投入 Fixed capital input	灌溉投入 Irrigation input (¥∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻生产过程中灌溉所需费用 Costs of irrigating per unit sown area during rice production
			固定资本投入 Fixed capital input	农机投入 Agricultural machinery input (¥∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻生产过程中自用和租赁农用运输车、插秧机、耕田机、收割机等农机的费用 Costs of personal or rental farm-transporters, transplanters, cultivators, harvesters and other agricultural machinery per unit sown area during rice production
			流动资本投入 Floating capital input	化肥投入 Fertilizer input (¥∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻生产过程中购买氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、复合肥等化肥的费用 Costs of purchasing nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, compound fertilizers and other fertilizers per unit sown area during rice production
				农药投入 Pesticide input (¥∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻生产过程中购买农药的费用 Cost of purchasing pesticides per unit sown area during rice production
				种子投入 Seed input (¥∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻生产过程中购买种子的费用 Cost of purchasing seed per unit sown area during rice production
产出Output	期望产出 Desirable output	Y_i		产量 Production (kg∙hm⁻²)	单位播种面积水稻产量 Rice production per unit sown area
产出Output	非期望产出 Undesirable output	C_i		碳排放量 Carbon emissions [kg(C)∙hm⁻²]	单位播种面积碳排放量 Carbon emissions per unit sown area

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表 2 水稻生产生态效率评价的变量指标及内涵

Table 2. Indexes and connotations of the variables for evaluating rice production ecological efficiency

类别 Type	变量 Variable		符号 Symbol	指标内涵 Connotation
被解释变量 Interpreted variable	水稻生产生态效率 Rice production ecological efficiency		RPEE_i	经过随机前沿生产函数模型计算得到的农户水稻生产生态效率值(式4) The farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency value calculated through a random frontier production function model (Equation 4)
核心解释变量 Core explanatory variable	耕地经营规模 Cultivated land operating scale		SCA	2020年单季稻播种面积 Planting area of single season rice in 2020 (hm²)
控制变量 Control variable	个人特征 Personal characteristic	户主年龄 Age of head of household	age	户主年龄 Age of the head of household
	个人特征 Personal characteristic	户主受教育程度 Education level of head of household	edu	小学及以下=1; 初中=2; 高中或中专=3; 大专及以上=4 Primary school or below=1; junior middle school=2; high school or special (or technical) secondary school=3; junior college or above=4
	家庭特征 Family characteristic	抚养比 Dependency ratio	dep	2020年家庭非劳动力数量/家庭劳动力数量 Number of non-agricultural labor force /number of labor force in peasant households in 2020
	家庭特征 Family characteristic	农业收入占比 Proportion of agricultural income	pro	2020年农业纯收入/家庭总纯收入 Agricultural income/gross household income of peasant households in 2020
	经营特征 Operating characteristic	耕地细碎化程度 Degree of cultivated land fragmentation	fra	地块数量/水稻播种面积 Number of plots/rice planting area (plots∙hm⁻²)
	经营特征 Operating characteristic	集镇距离 Distance to market town	mar	农户住址与中心镇/集镇的距离 Distance from the farmer’s address to the central town or market town (km)

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表 3 水稻生产碳源的碳排放系数

Table 3. Carbon emission coefficients of different carbon sources from rice production

碳源 Carbon source	排放系数 Emission coefficients	数据来源 Data source
氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer	2.39 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	CLCD 0.7
磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer	0.66 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	CLCD 0.7
钾肥 Potassium fertilizer	0.57 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	CLCD 0.7
复合肥 Compound fertilizer	1.77 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	CLCD 0.7
农药 Pesticide	4.9341 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	[28]
柴油 Diesel oil	0.5927 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	[29]¹
翻耕 Ploughing	312.6 kg (C)∙hm⁻²	[30]
灌溉 Irrigation	14.537 kg (C)∙hm⁻²	[31]²
水稻种子Rice seed	1.84 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹	Ecoinvent 2.2
1)本研究农户单位面积单季稻柴油使用量采用常德市各县(区)单位面积农作物柴油使用量近似表示。2)根据《中国电力统计年鉴》2016—2020年地区统计数据, 计算得到湖南省近年平均火电系数为0.5815。因此, 将灌溉实际碳排放系数(Dubey研究值25 kg∙(C)∙hm⁻²与火电系数的乘积)修正为14.537 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹。1) In the present study, diesel consumption per unit area of single season rice is represented by an approximate value of the diesel consumption per unit area of each county (district) in Changde City. 2) According to the regional statistical data from “China Electricity Statistical Yearbook” from 2016 to 2020, the average thermal power coefficient in Hunan Province in recent years has been calculated to be 0.5815. Therefore, the actual carbon emission coefficient for irrigation (the product of Dubey’s research value of 25 kg∙(C)∙hm⁻² and thermal power coefficient) has been revised to 14.537 kg(C)∙kg⁻¹.

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表 4 常德市受访农户基本特征

Table 4. Basic characteristics of interviewed farmers in Changde City

个人特征 Personal characteristic	类别 Type	频数 Frequency (households)	比例 Ratio (%)	家庭特征 Family characteristic	类别 Type	频数 Frequency (households)	比例 Ratio (%)
年龄 Age	≤50	74	17.79	家庭劳动力数量 Number of household labor	≤2	92	22.12
	51~60	103	24.76		3~4	269	64.67
	>60	239	59.13		≥5	55	13.22
受教育程度 Education level	小学及以下 Primary school and below	246	59.13	家庭农业纯收入 Household agricultural income (¥·a⁻¹)	≤5000	140	33.65
	初中 Junior middle school	131	31.49		5000~10 000	166	39.90
	高中或中专 high school or special (or technical) secondary school	33	7.93		≥10 000	110	26.44
	大专及以上 Junior college or above	6	1.44	兼业情况 Concurrent employment	纯农户 Pure farmer	1	0.24
社会身份 Social identity	当过村干部 Served as a village official	36	8.65		Ⅰ兼农户 One-part-time farmers	15	3.61
社会身份 Social identity	没有当过村干部 Never served as a village official	380	91.35		Ⅱ兼农户 Two-part-time farmers	400	96.15

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表 5 总样本农户水稻生产生态效率(不加入非效率项)

Table 5. Rice production ecological efficiency for overall sample farmers (without technical inefficiency)

变量 Variable	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value
Constant	9.034^***	0.247	36.579
lnL	−0.065^***	0.016	−3.943
lnK	0.004	0.024	0.172
lnC	−0.962^***	0.020	−48.021
σ²	0.326^***	0.061	5.312
γ	0.956^***	0.013	75.665
模型对数似然函数值 Log likelihood function	56.652
LR test	87.941
最大值 Maximum value	0.980
最小值 Minimum value	0.218
平均值 Mean value	0.830
、和*分别表示P<0.1、P<0.05和P<0.01; Log likelihood function表示用于检验生产函数形式的模型对数似然函数值; LR test为用于检验模型适用性的模型单边似然比检验统计量。L、K和C的含义见表1。, and * represent significant differences at P<10%, P<5% and P<1% level, respectively. Log likelihood function is the logarithmic likelihood function value of the model used to test the form of the production function. LR test is the unilateral likelihood ratio test statistic used to test the applicability of the model. Meaning of L, K and C can be seen in Table 1.

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表 6 耕地经营规模对总样本农户水稻生产生态效率的影响估计结果(加入非效率项)

Table 6. Estimated results of the impact of cultivated land operating scales on rice production ecological efficiency for all sample farmers (with technical inefficiency)

变量 Variable	模型1 Model 1			模型2 Model 2			模型3 Model 3
变量 Variable	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T-value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value
常数项 Constant	8.855 ^***	0.268	33.09	8.915^***	0.272	32.767	8.787^***	0.253	34.731
lnL	−0.041^**	0.016	−2.50	−0.041^***	0.015	−2.795	−0.034^*	0.018	−1.853
lnK	0.013	0.023	0.57	0.016	0.028	0.557	0.022	0.028	0.780
lnC	−0.964^***	0.019	−49.76	−0.975^***	0.018	−54.134	−0.969^***	0.017	−58.487
常数项 Constant	−1.729	1.349	−1.28	−2.240^*	1.314	−1.705	−0.843	0.710	−1.186
SCA	−2.199 ^***	0.164	−13.37				−1.268^***	0.490	−2.588
SCA²	0.276 ^***	0.025	11.18				0.169^**	0.063	2.682
age				0.026^**	0.013	1.988	0.014^*	0.008	1.828
edu				−0.351^**	0.161	−2.185	−0.241^**	0.101	−2.386
dep				−0.422^**	0.212	−1.989	−0.253^*	0.134	−1.885
pro				−3.930^**	2.000	−1.965	−2.132^***	0.725	−2.941
fra				0.017^**	0.009	1.876	0.005	0.007	0.699
mar				0.006	0.012	0.528	0.008	0.012	0.683
σ²	0.568 ^**	0.272	2.09	0.438^**	0.182	2.403	0.312^***	0.076	4.112
γ	0.973^***	0.016	60.13	0.965^***	0.015	63.855	0.955^***	0.014	68.958
模型对数似然函数值 Log likelihood function	65.024			68.636			70.745
LR test	104.684			111.908			116.126
各符号含义见表1和表2。若一个影响因素变量的估计系数为负数是指该变量对技术非效率的影响是负向的, 则对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响是正向的。Meaning of the symbols can be seen in Table 1 and 2. If the estimated coefficient of an influencing factor variable is negative, it means that the variable shows negative impact on technical inefficiency. If not, it shows positive impact on the ecological efficiency of rice production for farmers.

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表 7 农户耕地经营规模的划分

Table 7. The division of farmers’ cultivated land operating scale

类型 Type	划分标准 Division criteria (hm²)	频数 Frequency (households)	占比 Proportion (%)
较小规模 Small scale	≤1.333	395	94.95
较大规模 Large scale	>1.333	21	5.05

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表 8 耕地经营规模对较小规模农户水稻生产生态效率的影响

Table 8. Impact of cultivated land operating scales on rice production ecological efficiency for small scale farms

变量 Variable	模型1 Model 1			模型2 Model 2			模型3 Model 3
变量 Variable	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value
常数项 Constant	8.749^***	0.313	27.915	8.886^***	0.265	33.517	8.663^***	0.291	29.810
lnL	−0.029	0.020	−1.463	−0.045^**	0.018	−2.518	−0.025	0.020	−1.229
lnK	0.010	0.030	0.324	0.005	0.025	0.210	0.020	0.029	0.705
lnC	−0.952^***	0.023	−41.950	−0.956^***	0.022	−42.588	−0.956^***	0.023	−41.962
常数项 Constant	−1.427^*	0.827	−1.726	−2.669	1.199	−2.226	−0.753	0.823	−0.914
SCA	−3.568^**	1.661	−2.148				−1.602^***	0.649	−2.469
age				0.028^**	0.011	2.520	0.014	0.009	1.624
edu				−0.374^***	0.143	−2.619	−0.289^**	0.127	−2.279
dep				−0.427^**	0.186	−2.299	−0.254^*	0.149	−1.709
pro				−4.074^**	1.583	−2.574	−2.300^**	0.951	−2.418
fra				0.021^**	0.009	2.318	0.004	0.007	0.560
mar				0.006	0.013	0.504	0.007	0.013	0.534
σ²	0.584^**	0.241	2.425	0.498^***	0.162	3.071	0.344^***	0.109	3.163
γ	0.973^***	0.011	84.799	0.970^***	0.010	92.452	0.955^***	0.013	75.097
模型对数似然函数值 Log likelihood function	55.076			58.459			60.077
LR test	96.778			103.543			106.779

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表 9 耕地经营规模对较大规模农户水稻生产生态效率的影响估计结果

Table 9. Estimated results of the impact of cultivated land operating scales on farmers’ rice production ecological efficiency for larger operating scales

变量 Variable	模型1 Model 1			模型2 Model 2			模型3 Model 3
变量 Variable	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value	系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	T值 T value
SCA	−0.011^**	0.005	−2.150				−0.015^***	0.005	−3.000
age				−0.001	0.002	−0.39	−0.003	0.001	−0.250
edu				0.044	0.026	1.690	0.031^**	0.023	1.350
dep				0.051	0.041	1.240	0.037	0.036	1.030
pro				0.050	0.048	1.050	0.117^**	0.047	2.510
fra				0.001	0.003	0.330	0.002	0.003	0.580
mar				−0.001	0.002	−0.36	0.000	0.002	0.050
常数项 Constant	0.956^***	0.024	40.31	0.787^***	0.136	5.780	0.833^***	0.118	7.040
Prob>chi2	0.039			0.291			0.035

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