A classification and nomenclature scheme for rural vegetation based on the ecological-production-living functions
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摘要: 乡村植被具有重要的生态、生产与生活功能(三生功能)。乡村植被分类是生产空间、生活空间和生态空间(三生空间)规划的基础, 对美丽乡村建设和乡村振兴具有重要指导作用。目前国内的植被分类系统关于栽培植被的分类还不够完善, 尤其是承载生活功能的绿地植被没有纳入分类系统中。为了科学开展乡村植被的分类与命名, 本文通过梳理我国植被分类学的主要研究成果, 重点针对乡村植被分类研究中比较薄弱的农业植被和绿地植被进行了深入研究和探讨, 构建了1套包含9个分类等级单位的乡村植被分类系统。该系统基于“三生功能”, 增设了绿地植被类型, 将乡村植被划分为自然与半自然植被、农业植被、绿地植被3个植被类, 每类植被进一步划分植被型组、植被型、植被亚型、群系组、群系、亚群系、群丛组、群丛8个分类等级。在此基础上, 明确了各分类等级的划分依据与命名方法, 并进行了举例说明, 提出了乡村植被的分类与命名参考方案, 将中国乡村植被划分为3个植被类、23个植被型组、66个植被型和142个植被亚型。本研究阐明了目前植被分类研究中各类植被定义界限不清、分类和命名比较混乱的问题, 弥补了当前农业植被分类与命名存在的一些缺陷, 填补了绿地植被分类研究的空缺, 是对中国植被分类系统的补充与完善。研究结果可为乡村植被功能评价与保护管理、乡村空间规划等提供科学依据。Abstract: Agricultural intensification has resulted in a simplification of agricultural landscapes by the expansion of agricultural land, enlargement of field size and removal of non-crop habitat. Rural vegetation is the key component of the agricultural landscapes by producing food, fiber, fuel, and performing ecosystem services such as recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes. The classification of vegetation is the base for surveying, monitoring and management of rural vegetation. However, until now, the green space vegetation, one of the cultivated vegetation types has not been listed in the vegetation classification system of China, and little is known about the functional role of green space vegetation in production and regulation of rural landscapes. Here, we reviewed the China’s literature about different vegetation classification and developed a renewal framework for rural vegetation classification system. The system includes 9 classification units. First, the rural vegetation is classified into 3 vegetation categories: natural and semi-natural vegetation, agricultural vegetation and green space vegetation (level 0, the highest- level unit). Then, each of the highest-level unit is classified into 3 upper-level units (levels 1-3, followed by vegetation formation group, vegetation formation, and vegetation subformation), 3 middle-level units (levels 4-6, followed by alliance group, alliance, and suballiance), and 2 lower-level units (levels 7-8, followed by association group, and association). We clarified the division basis and naming method for each classification level unit with examples, and proposed a reference scheme for the classification and nomenclature of rural vegetation. Followed the common classification principle of “plant community-ecology” that was widely used in China, we renewed the classification principles and naming methods according to the functions of the three vegetation categories. Among them, natural and semi-natural vegetation focuses on the comprehensive ecological conditions and community appearance, agricultural vegetation highlights the functional use, cultivation conditions and farming system of crops, and green space vegetation focuses on landscape appearance and community assembly. Based on the scheme, China's rural vegetation is classified into 3 vegetation categories, including 23 vegetation formation groups, 66 vegetation formations and 142 vegetation subformations. Natural and semi-natural vegetation includes 6 vegetation formation groups (Forest, Shrubland, Herbaceous Vegetation, Desert, Alpine Tundra and Sparse Vegetation, Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation), 30 vegetation formations, and 81 vegetation subformations. Agricultural vegetation includes 13 vegetation formation groups (Food Crop, Vegetable Crop, Fruit Crop, Flower Crop, Oilseed Crop, Fiber Crop, Sugar Crop, Medicine Crop, Beverage Crop, Forage Crop, Tobacco Crop, Spice Crop, Other Crops), 23 vegetation formations, and 40 vegetation subformations. Green space vegetation includes 4 vegetation formation groups (Arbor Green Space, Shrub Green Space, Herb Green Space, Wetland Green Space), 13 vegetation formations and 21 vegetation subformations. This research clarified the definition boundary of different classification units, and illustrate the nomenclature of various types of vegetation in the current vegetation classification research. Thus, the study modified some shortcomings in the classification and nomenclature of agricultural vegetation, and renewing the vegetation classification system of China by extending the green space vegetation into the system. The results will benefit for protection, management, as well as spatial planning of rural landscape.
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表 1 乡村植被分类系统层次结构及示例
Table 1. Hierarchy for rural vegetation classification system with example
植被分类层次结构
Hierarchy for vegetation举例
Example高级单位
Upper level0级 Level 0 植被类
Vegetation category自然与半自然植被
Natural and Semi-Natural Vegetation农业植被
Agricultural Vegetation绿地植被
Green Space Vegetation1级 Level 1 植被型组
Vegetation formation group森林
Forest蔬菜作物
Vegetable Crop乔木绿地
Arbor Green Space2级 Level 2 植被型
Vegetation formation常绿针叶林
Evergreen Needleleaf Forest草本蔬菜作物
Herbaceous Vegetable Crop落叶阔叶乔木绿地
Deciduous Broadleaf Arbor Green Space3级 Level 3 植被亚型
Vegetation subformation寒温性常绿针叶林
Cold-Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Forest温性草本蔬菜作物
Temperate Herbaceous Vegetable Crop温性落叶阔叶乔木绿地
Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Arbor Green Space中级单位 Middle level 4级 Level 4 群系组
Alliance group云杉林
Picea Forest Alliance Group葱蒜类蔬菜作物
Allium Vegetable Crop Alliance Group柽柳乔木绿地
Tamarix Arbor Green Space Alliance Group5级 Level 5 群系
Alliance白扦林
Picea meyeri Forest Alliance韭菜
Allium tuberosum Vegetable Crop Alliance柽柳乔木绿地
Tamarix chinensis Arbor Green Space Alliance6级 Level 6 亚群系
Suballiance沙地白扦林
Picea meyeri Sandland Forest Suballiance大棚韭菜
Allium tuberosum Greenhouse Vegetable Crop Suballiance盐碱性柽柳乔木绿地
Tamarix chinensis Saline-Alkali Arbor Green Space Suballiance低级单位 Lower level 7级 Level 7 群丛组
Association group沙地白扦-草本群丛组
Picea meyeri - Herb Sandland Association Group大棚韭菜+蔬菜群丛组
Allium tuberosum + Vegetable Crop Greenhouse Association Group盐碱性柽柳-草本群丛组
Tamarix chinensis - Herb Saline-Alkali Association Group8级 Level 8 群丛
Association沙地白扦-菊叶委陵菜群丛
Picea meyeri - Potentilla tanacetifolia Sandland Association大棚韭菜+番茄群丛
Allium tuberosum + Solanum lycopersicum Greenhouse Association盐碱性柽柳-碱蓬群丛
Tamarix chinensis - Suaeda glauca Saline-Alkali Association表 2 乡村植被分类系统高级单位划分方案
Table 2. Classification scheme for upper levels of rural vegetation classification system
植被类
Vegetation category植被型组
Vegetation formation
group植被型
Vegetation formation植被亚型
Vegetation subformation自然与半自然植被 Natural and Semi-Natural Vegetation 森林 Forest 植被型组以下的分类单位依据参考文献[16]划分为30个植被型和81个植被亚型
The classification units below the vegetation formation group are classified according to the referrence [16], including 30 vegetation formations and 81 vegetation subformations.灌丛 Shrubland 草本植被
Herbaceous Vegetation荒漠 Desert 高山冻原与稀疏植被
Alpine Tundra and Sparse Vegetation沼泽与水生植被
Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation农业植被
Agricultural Vegetation粮食作物
Food Crop草本粮食作物
Herbaceous Food Crop温性草本粮食作物
Temperate Herbaceous Food Crop热性草本粮食作物
Tropical Herbaceous Food Crop木本粮食作物
Woody Food Crop热性木本粮食作物
Tropical Woody Food Crop蔬菜作物
Vegetable Crop草本蔬菜作物
Herbaceous Vegetable Crop温性草本蔬菜作物
Temperate Herbaceous Vegetable Crop热性草本蔬菜作物
Tropical Herbaceous Vegetable Crop木本蔬菜作物
Woody Vegetable Crop温性木本蔬菜作物
Temperate Woody Vegetable Crop热性木本蔬菜作物
Tropical Woody Vegetable Crop水果作物
Fruit Crop草本水果作物
Herbaceous Fruit Crop温性草本水果作物
Temperate Herbaceous Fruit Crop热性草本水果作物
Tropical Herbaceous Fruit Crop木本水果作物
Woody Fruit Crop温性木本水果作物
Temperate Woody Fruit Crop热性木本水果作物
Tropical Woody Fruit Crop花卉作物
Flower Crop草本花卉作物
Herbaceous Flower Crop温性草本花卉作物
Temperate Herbaceous Flower Crop热性草本花卉作物
Tropical Herbaceous Flower Crop木本花卉作物
Woody Flower Crop温性木本花卉作物
Temperate Woody Flower Crop热性木本花卉作物
Tropical Woody Flower Crop油料作物
Oilseed Crop草本油料作物
Herbaceous Oilseed Crop温性草本油料作物
Temperate Herbaceous Oilseed Crop热性草本油料作物
Tropical Herbaceous Oilseed Crop木本油料作物
Woody Oilseed Crop热性木本油料作物
Tropical Woody Oilseed Crop纤维作物
Fiber Crop草本纤维作物
Herbaceous Fiber Crop温性草本纤维作物
Temperate Herbaceous Fiber Crop热性草本纤维作物
Tropical Herbaceous Fiber Crop糖料作物
Sugar Crop草本糖料作物
Herbaceous Sugar Crop温性草本糖料作物
Temperate Herbaceous Sugar Crop热性草本糖料作物
Tropical Herbaceous Sugar Crop药用作物
Medicine Crop草本药用作物
Herbaceous Medicine Crop温性草本药用作物
Temperate Herbaceous Medicine Crop热性草本药用作物
Tropical Herbaceous Medicine Crop木本药用作物
Woody Medicine Crop温性木本药用作物
Temperate Woody Medicine Crop热性木本药用作物
Tropical Woody Medicine Crop饮料作物
Beverage Crop草本饮料作物
Herbaceous Beverage Crop温性草本饮料作物
Temperate Herbaceous Beverage Crop农业植被
Agricultural Vegetation饮料作物
Beverage Crop木本饮料作物
Woody Beverage Crop热性木本饮料作物
Tropical Woody Beverage Crop饲料作物
Forage Crop草本饲料作物
Herbaceous Forage Crop温性草本饲料作物
Temperate Herbaceous Forage Crop热性草本饲料作物
Tropical Herbaceous Forage Crop木本饲料作物
Woody Forage Crop温性木本饲料作物
Temperate Woody Forage Crop热性木本饲料作物
Tropical Woody Forage Crop烟草作物
Tobacco Crop草本烟草作物
Herbaceous Tobacco Crop热性草本烟草作物
Tropical Herbaceous Tobacco Crop香辛料作物
Spice Crop草本香辛料作物
Herbaceous Spice Crop温性草本香辛料作物
Temperate Herbaceous Spice Crop热性草本香辛料作物
Tropical Herbaceous Spice Crop木本香辛料作物
Woody Spice Crop热性木本香辛料作物
Tropical Woody Spice Crop其他作物
Other Crops其他草本作物
Other Herbaceous Crops温性其他草本作物
Temperate Other Herbaceous Crops热性其他草本作物
Tropical Other Herbaceous Crops其他木本作物
Other Woody Crops温性其他木本经济作物
Temperate Other Woody Crops热性其他木本经济作物
Tropical Other Woody Crops绿地植被
Green Space Vegetation乔木绿地
Arbor Green Space落叶针叶乔木绿地
Deciduous Needleleaf Arbor Green Space温性落叶针叶乔木绿地
Temperate Deciduous Needleleaf Arbor Green Space热性落叶针叶乔木绿地
Tropical Deciduous Needleleaf Arbor Green Space常绿针叶乔木绿地
Evergreen Needleleaf Arbor Green Space温性常绿针叶乔木绿地
Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Arbor Green Space热性常绿针叶乔木绿地
Tropical Evergreen Needleleaf Arbor Green Space落叶阔叶乔木绿地
Deciduous Broadleaf Arbor Green Space温性落叶阔叶乔木绿地
Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Arbor Green Space热性落叶阔叶乔木绿地
Tropical Deciduous Broadleaf Arbor Green Space常绿阔叶乔木绿地
Evergreen Broadleaf Arbor Green Space热性常绿阔叶乔木绿地
Tropical Evergreen Broadleaf Arbor Green Space竹类绿地
Bamboo Green Space热性竹类绿地
Tropical Bamboo Green Space灌木绿地
Shrub Green Space常绿针叶灌木绿地
Evergreen Needleleaf Shrub Green Space温性常绿针叶灌木绿地
Temperate Evergreen Needleleaf Shrub Green Space落叶阔叶灌木绿地
Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub Green Space温性落叶阔叶灌木绿地
Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub Green Space热性落叶阔叶灌木绿地
Tropical Deciduous Broadleaf Shrub Green Space常绿阔叶灌木绿地
Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Green Space热性常绿阔叶灌木绿地
Tropical Evergreen Broadleaf Shrub Green Space肉质刺灌木绿地
Succulent Thorny Shrub Green Space热性肉质刺灌木绿地
Tropical Succulent Thorny Shrub Green Space草本绿地
Herb Green Space短期草本绿地
Temporary Herb Green Space温性短期草本绿地
Temperate Temporary Herb Green Space热性短期草本绿地
Tropical Temporary Herb Green Space长期草本绿地
Permanent Herb Green Space温性长期草本绿地
Temperate Permanent Herb Green Space热性长期草本绿地
Tropical Permanent Herb Green Space湿地型绿地
Wetland Green Space木本湿地型绿地
Woody Wetland Green Space温性木本湿地型绿地
Temperate Woody Wetland Green Space热性木本湿地型绿地
Tropical Woody Wetland Green Space草本湿地型绿地
Herbaceous Wetland Green Space温性草本湿地型绿地
Temperate Herbaceous Wetland Green Space热性草本湿地型绿地
Tropical Herbaceous Wetland Green Space -
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