Characteristics and maintenance strategies of plant diversity in an ecologically protected rural village in western Fujian
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摘要: 植物多样性是乡村生态振兴和可持续发展的基石, 研究乡村植物多样性特征及其影响因素对维持、提升乡村生物多样性具有重要理论和实践意义。本研究通过野外调查, 解析闽西生态保护型乡村常口村植物种类组成和群落类型, 阐明自然因素和人为活动因素对乡村植物群落组成的影响。本研究主要结果如下: 1)共调查到578种植物物种, 隶属130科378属, 其中野生植物物种396种, 农业栽培物种53个, 表现出高度的植物多样性; 外来入侵植物有17种, 以菊科为主, 尚未对乡村生态环境构成威胁。2)共发现106个群系, 其中自然与半自然植被52个群系, 农业植被25个、绿地植被29个, 群系类型具有地域代表性; 自然与半自然植被以森林为主, 农业和绿地植被面积很小, 绿地植被以为樟树+桂花配置为主, 其种类组成主要为亚热带乡村常见的绿化树种。3)整体上乡村不同地点的物种组成差异与彼此间综合环境因子差异显著正相关, 其中自然与半自然植被的物种组成主要受自然因素的制约, 绿地植被的物种组成差异随距道路距离和距居民点距离的增加而显著增加。结果表明, 生态保护型乡村是植物多样性的重要保留地, 具有重要的维护价值; 乡村不同空间的植物种类组成及其群落类型截然不同, 海拔在其中扮演着关键作用。研究结果突出了将生态保护型乡村纳入现有国家和区域生物多样性保护管理体系的必要性, 强调了乡村植物多样性的分区管理和构建生境网络等多种维护与提升策略, 为我国其他地区乡村振兴过程中植物多样性维护提供了有益的示范与借鉴。Abstract: Plant diversity plays a fundamental role in rural ecological revitalization and sustainable development. Studying the characteristics and influencing factors of rural plant diversity has important theoretical and practical implications for maintaining and enhancing rural biodiversity. In this study, we identified the species composition and community types of plant species and explored the effects of natural and human activities in Changkou Village, an ecologically protected village in western Fujian Province. We found a total of 578 plant species, belonging to 130 families and 378 genera, including 396 wild plant species and 53 agricultural cultivated species, exhibiting high plant diversity. There are 17 species of invasive plants that have not yet posed a threat to the rural biodiversity. The flora of seed plants in this rural area is complex, with 14 distribution types of genera, including 188 tropical genera and showed a transitional feature from tropical to temperate zones. There were 106 plant vegetation alliances, including 52 natural and semi-natural vegetation alliances, 25 agricultural vegetation alliances, and 29 green space vegetation alliances, which are representative of this subtropical region. The natural and semi-natural vegetation is mainly composed of different natural and semi-natural forests such as Castanopsis fargesii Forest Alliance and Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis fargesii Forest Alliance, while the agricultural and green space vegetation areas are very small. The green space vegetation is mainly composed of Cinnamomum camphora and Osmanthus fragrans, and species composition is mainly common greenspace tree species in subtropical rural areas. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the differences in species composition in different rural areas and the differences in comprehensive environmental factors. Specifically, the species composition of natural vegetations was mainly driven by natural factors, while the species composition differences of green space vegetation significantly increased with anthropogenic factors such as distance from roads and residential areas. Overall, these results have indicated that ecologically protected rural areas are important reserves for plant diversity and have important maintenance value. The composition of plant species and vegetation alliance in different vegetation categories in rural areas are completely different, where altitude plays a dominant role. Our findings highlight the urgent need to incorporate ecological conservation oriented rural areas into these biodiversity conservation management systems, emphasize various maintenance and improvement strategies such as zoning management of rural plant diversity and building habitat networks, and provide useful references for promoting plant diversity in the process of rural revitalization in other regions of China.
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图 2 自然因素和人为活动因素对生态保护型乡村物种组成差异(Jaccard指数)的影响
阴影部分表示95%置信区间。图中未显示相关性不显著的因素。
Figure 2. Effects of natural and human factors on species composition differences (Jacard species index) in the ecological protection village
The shade indicates the 95% of confidence interval. Factors that are not significantly associated with species composition differences are not shown in the figure.
表 1 福建三明常口村植物群落类型
Table 1. Community type of plants at Changkou Village of Sanming City, Fujian Province
植被类 Vegetation category 植被型组
Vegetation formation group群系
Alliance名称
Name平均种数
Average species number种数范围
Range of
species number自然与半
自然植被
Natural and Semi-natural Vegetation11.9 1~33 森林
Forest (39)黄甜竹林、赤杨叶林、细柄蕈树林、绿竹林、樟林、米槠林、栲林、鹿角锥林、苦槠林、南酸枣林、杉木+赤杨叶林、杉木+米槠林、杉木+栲林、杉木+枫香树林、杉木+毛竹林、杉木+木荷林、杉木林、黄竹林、红果山胡椒林、枫香树林、鹅掌楸林、润楠林、绒毛润楠林、毛竹林、马尾松+细柄蕈树林、马尾松+木荷林、马尾松+米槠林、马尾松+栲林、马尾松+鹿角锥林、马尾松+南酸枣林、马尾松+黄绒润楠林、马尾松+福建青冈林、马尾松林、苦竹林、福建青冈林、青冈林、乌冈栎林、木荷林、南方红豆杉林
Acidosasa edulis Forest Alliance, Alniphyllum fortunei Forest Alliance, Altingia gracilipes Forest Alliance, Bambusa oldhamii Forest Alliance, Camphora officinarum Forest Alliance, Castanopsis carlesii Forest Alliance, Castanopsis fargesii Forest Alliance, Castanopsis lamontii Forest Alliance, Castanopsis sclerophylla Forest Alliance, Choerospondias axillaris Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Alniphyllum fortunei Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Castanopsis carlesii Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Castanopsis fargesii Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Liquidambar formosana Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Phyllostachys edulis Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata + Schima superba Forest Alliance, Cunninghamia lanceolata Forest Alliance, Dendrocalamus membranaceus Forest Alliance, Lindera erythrocarpa Forest Alliance, Liquidambar formosana Forest Alliance, Liriodendron chinense Forest Alliance, Machilus nanmu Forest Alliance, Machilus velutina Forest Alliance, Phyllostachys edulis Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Altingia gracilipes Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis carlesii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis carlesii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis fargesii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis lamontii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Choerospondias axillaris Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Quercus chungii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana + Quercus chungii Forest Alliance, Pinus massoniana Forest Alliance, Pleioblastus amarus Forest Alliance, Quercus chungii Forest Alliance, Quercus glauca Forest Alliance, Quercus phillyreoides Forest Alliance, Schima superba Forest Alliance, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei Forest Alliance灌丛
Shrubland (2)檵木灌丛、盐麸木灌丛
Loropetalum chinense Shrubland Alliance, Rhus chinensis Shrubland Alliance草本植被
Herbaceous Vegetation (10)薏苡草丛、野茼蒿草丛、狗牙根草丛、具芒碎米莎草草丛、马唐草丛、稗草丛、葎草草丛、莠竹草丛、五节芒草丛、双穗雀稗草丛
Coix lacryma-jobi Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Crassocephalum crepidioides Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Cynodon dactylon Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Cyperus microiria Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Digitaria sanguinalis Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Echinochloa crus-galli Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Humulus scandens Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Microstegium vimineum Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Miscanthus floridulus Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance, Paspalum distichum Herbaceous Vegetation Alliance沼泽与
水生植被
Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation (1)凤眼莲+双穗雀稗水生群落Eichhornia crassipes Swamp and Aquatic Vegetation Alliance 农业植被
Agricultural Vegetation9.36 1~26 油料作物
Oilseed Crop (3)油茶、落花生、大豆
Camellia oleifera Oilseed Crop Alliance, Arachis hypogaea Oilseed Crop Alliance, Glycine max Oilseed Crop Alliance药用作物
Medicine Crop (1)无患子 Sapindus saponaria Medicine Crop Alliance 香辛料作物
Spice Crop (2)辣椒、姜 Capsicum annuum Spice Crop Alliance, Zingiber officinale Spice Crop Alliance 糖料作物
Sugar Crop (1)甘蔗 Saccharum officinarum Sugar Crop Alliance 水果作物
Fruit Crop (6)樱桃、桃、枇杷、茅栗、柑橘、板栗
Prunus pseudocerasus Fruit Crop Alliance, Prunus persica Fruit Crop Alliance, Eriobotrya japonica Fruit Crop Alliance, Castanea seguinii Fruit Crop Alliance, Citrus reticulata Fruit Crop Alliance, Castanea mollissima Fruit Crop Alliance蔬菜作物
Vegetable Crop (7)芋头、莴苣、蕹菜、茄子、黄瓜、参薯、菜豆
Colocasia esculenta Vegetable Crop Alliance, Lactuca sativa Vegetable Crop Alliance, Ipomoea aquatica Vegetable Crop Alliance, Solanum melongena Vegetable Crop Alliance, Cucumis sativus Vegetable Crop Alliance, Dioscorea alata Vegetable Crop Alliance, Phaseolus vulgaris Vegetable Crop Alliance粮食作物
Food Crop (3)玉米、水稻、番薯
Oryza sativa Food Crop Alliance, Zea mays Food Crop Alliance, Ipomoea batatas Food Crop Alliance花卉作物
Flower Crop (2)水蜡树、木樨 Ligustrum obtusifolium Flower Crop Alliance, Osmanthus fragrans Flower Crop Alliance 绿地植被
Green Space Vegetation9.85 1~36 乔木绿地
Arbor Green Space (17)重阳木乔木绿地、浙江新木姜子乔木绿地、樟乔木绿地、响叶杨乔木绿地、乌桕乔木绿地、水杉乔木绿地、肉桂乔木绿地、日本女贞乔木绿地、朴树乔木绿地、木樨乔木绿地、吉贝乔木绿地、鸡爪槭乔木绿地、合欢乔木绿地、旱柳乔木绿地、枫香树乔木绿地、杜英乔木绿地、梣叶槭乔木绿地
Bischofia polycarpa Arbor Green Space Alliance, Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis Arbor Green Space Alliance, Camphora officinarum Arbor Green Space Alliance, Populus adenopoda Arbor Green Space Alliance, Triadica sebifera Arbor Green Space Alliance, Metasequoia glyptostroboides Arbor Green Space Alliance, Cinnamomum cassia Arbor Green Space Alliance, Ligustrum japonicum Arbor Green Space Alliance, Celtis sinensis Arbor Green Space Alliance, Osmanthus fragrans Arbor Green Space Alliance, Ceiba pentandra Arbor Green Space Alliance, Acer palmatum Arbor Green Space Alliance, Albizia julibrissin Arbor Green Space Alliance, Salix atsudana Arbor Green Space Alliance, Liquidambar formosana Arbor Green Space Alliance, Elaeocarpus decipiens Arbor Green Space Alliance, Acer negundo Arbor Green Space Alliance灌木绿地
Shrub Green Space (7)叶子花灌木绿地、水蜡树灌木绿地、山茶灌木绿地、金柑灌木绿地、火棘灌木绿地、红叶石楠灌木绿地、萼距花灌木绿地
Bougainvillea spectabilis Shrub Green Space Alliance, Ligustrum obtusifolium Shrub Green Space Alliance, Camellia japonica Shrub Green Space Alliance, Citrus japonica Shrub Green Space Alliance, Pyracantha fortuneana Shrub Green Space Alliance, Photinia × fraseri Shrub Green Space Alliance, Cupheahookeriana Shrub Green Space Alliance草本绿地
Herb Green Space (4)山菅兰草本绿地、雀稗草本绿地、风车草草本绿地、百日菊草本绿地
Dianella ensifolia Herb Green Space Alliance, Paspalum thunbergii Herb Green Space Alliance, Cyperus involucratus Herb Green Space Alliance ,Zinnia elegans Herb Green Space Alliance湿地型绿地
Wetland Green Space (1)荷花湿地型绿地 Nelumbo nucifera Wetland Green Space Alliance 植被型组列括号中数据为此型组中群系数量。The data in parentheses of column vegetation formation group indicates the number of formations in this group. 表 2 生态保护型乡村不同植被类型的物种组成差异与自然和人为活动因素的相关性
Table 2. Relationships between species composition differences and natural and anthropogenic factors of different vegetation types in the ecological protection village
影响因素
Influencing factor自然与半自然植被
Natural and semi-natural vegetation农业植被
Agricultural vegetation绿地植被
Green space vegetation地理距离 Geographical distance 0.06* 0.04 0.06 海拔 Altitude 0.12* 0.22* 0.05 距道路距离 Distance from road 0.07* 0.00 0.16* 距河流距离 Distance from river −0.02 0.00 0.06 距居民点距离 Distance from residential area 0.08* 0.01 0.03* 坡度 Slope 0.06 0.02 −0.04 坡向 Aspect −0.01 0.01 0.07 *: P<0.05. 表 3 常口村与福建省、三明市、龙栖山国家级自然保护区维管植物数量的比较
Table 3. Comparisons of vascular plant species number among different regions
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闽西生态保护型乡村植物多样性特征及维护策略_附表.docx
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