Temporal-spatial changes in cultivated land quality in a black soil region of Northeast China
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摘要: 为揭示东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化特征,本研究遵循《耕地质量等级》(GB/T 33469-2016)国家标准,在利用特尔菲法选取16个评价指标、层次分析法确定评价指标权重的基础上,建立了东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS软件对研究区2008年和2018年耕地质量进行同一指标体系和同一分级标准的耕地质量评价,旨在掌握研究区10年间的耕地质量时空变化特征,探究耕地质量变化原因。结果表明:东北典型黑土区耕地质量2008年以中低等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为5.14,2018年以中高等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为3.92,10年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级提升了1.22个等级;其中,1~4等地面积均有增加,5~10等地面积均减少,10年间研究区评价单元耕地质量等级提升最多为8个等级,下降最多为7个等级,耕地质量等级提升的评价单元总面积是等级下降评价单元总面积的3.5倍。10年间东北典型黑土区的中西部和西北部耕地质量上升较为明显,而其南部和东北部质量下降的耕地分布较多。本研究规范了研究区耕地质量时空对比分析的依据,合理揭示了其时空变化特征,为该区域今后耕地质量提升工作指明了方向,对今后进一步可持续利用和管理黑土地具有积极意义。Abstract: Temporal-spatial variations in cultivated land quality in a typical black soil region in Northeast China were explored with 16 evaluation indices by means of the Delphi method, with weights determined by an analytic hierarchy process based on the National Standard of Cultivated Land Quality Grade (GB/T 33469-2016). ArcGIS software was used to evaluate the quality of cultivated land in the region using the same system and the same grading standard between 2008 and 2018. The goal was to identify temporal and spatial changes in cultivated land quality in the study area during the past 10 years, and the reasons for changes in the cultivated land quality. The results showed that the quality of cultivated land in the study region was dominated by medium-and low-level land in 2008, with an average cultivated land quality grade of 5.14. In 2018, the quality of cultivated land was mainly in medium-and high-level land, with an average cultivated land quality grade of 3.92. Over the past 10 years, the quality increased by 1.22. The area of first-to fourth-grade cultivated land had increased, and the area of fifth-to tenth-grade land had decreased. Meanwhile, the cultivated land grade rose 8 levels at most, and fell 7 levels most. The area of cultivated land that increased its grade was 3.5 times that of the land that experienced a decrease in grade. The quality of cultivated land in the mid-west and northwest regions of the study area increased significantly, while the south and northeast saw more decrease. This study standardized the basis of a temporal-spatial comparison analysis of cultivated land quality in the study area and revealed temporal-spatial variation characteristics of the study area, providing direction for improving cultivated land quality and sustainably utilizing and managing black soil in the future.
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图 1 东北典型黑土区行政区划图
NJ:嫩江县; WDLC:五大连池市; BA:北安市; NH:讷河市; KS:克山县; KD:克东县; YA:依安县; BQ:拜泉县; HL:海伦市; MS:明水县; WK:望奎县; BL:北林区; BY:巴彦县; LX:兰西县; HL:呼兰区; SB:松北区; DW:道外区; BX:宾县; XF:香坊区; DL:道里区; NG1:南岗区; PF:平房区; AC:阿城区; SC:双城市; WC:五常市; YS:榆树市; DH:德惠市; NA:农安县; JT:九台市; KC:宽城区; LY:绿园区; GZL:公主岭市; ED:二道区; NG:南关区; CY:朝阳区; LS:梨树县; TX:铁西区; TD:铁东区; CT:昌图县。
Figure 1. Administrative map of the typical black soil region in Northeast China
NJ: Nenjiang County; WDLC: Wudalianchi City; BA: Bei'an City; NH: Nehe City; KS: Keshan County; KD: Kedong County; YA: Yi'an County; BQ: Baiquan County; HL: Hailun City; MS: Mingshui County; WK: Wangkui County; BL: Beilin District; BY: Bayan County; LX: Lanxi County; HL: Hulan District; SB: Songbei District; DW: Daowai District; BX: Binxian County; XF: Xiangfang District; DL: Daoli District; NG1: Nangang District; PF: Pingfang District; AC: Acheng District; SC: Shuangcheng City; WC: Wuchang City; YS: Yushu City; DH: Dehui City; NA: Nong'an County; JT: Jiutai City; KC: Kuancheng District; LY: Luyuan District; GZL: Gongzhuling City; ED: Erdao District; NG: Nanguan District; CY: Chaoyang District; LS: Lishu County; TX: Tiexi District; TD: Tiedong District; CT: Changtu County.
表 1 东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系及指标权重
Table 1. Indexes and weights of cultivated land quality evaluation system of the typical black soil region in Northeast China
目标层
Objective准则层
Criterion权重
Weight指标层
Index组合权重
Combination weight耕地质量
Cultivated land quality立地条件
Site condition0.171 9 地形部位Terrain position 0.106 2 农田林网化程度Degree of field forest network 0.065 7 剖面性状
Profile characteristics0.246 9 有效土层厚度Effective soil layer thickness 0.082 3 质地构型Texture configuration 0.059 1 耕层理化性状
Arable layer physical and chemical property0.184 4 障碍因素Obstacle factor 0.055 2 耕层厚度Arable layer thickness 0.050 3 耕层质地Arable layer texture 0.076 2 土壤容重Soil bulk density 0.044 1 pH 0.064 1 养分状况
Nutrient status0.165 6 有机质Organic matter 0.068 3 有效磷Available P 0.053 8 速效钾Available K 0.043 5 健康状况
Health status0.071 9 生物多样性Biodiversity 0.036 5 清洁程度Cleaning degree 0.035 3 土壤管理
Soil management0.159 4 灌溉能力Irrigation capacity 0.109 9 排水能力Drainage capability 0.049 5 表 2 东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价定量指标隶属函数
Table 2. Membership functions of quantitative indexes of cultivated land quality evaluation in the typical black soil region of Northeast China
函数类型Function type 指标Index 隶属函数Function C Ut 戒上型Upper limit 有效土层厚度Effective soil layer thickness (cm) Y=1/[1+ 0.000 213×(U-C)2] 100.002 147 Ut1= 0, Ut2=100.002 147 戒上型Upper limit 耕层厚度Arable layer thickness (cm) Y=1/[1+ 0.002 322×(U-C)2] 30.006 247 Ut1= 0, Ut2=30.006 247 戒上型Upper limit 有机质Organic matter (g·kg-1) Y=1/[1+ 0.000 446×(U-C)2] 60.000 048 Ut1= 0, Ut2=60.000 048 戒上型Upper limit 有效磷Available P (mg·kg-1) Y=1/[1+ 0.000 396×(U-C)2] 60.009 908 Ut1= 0, Ut2=60.009 908 戒上型Upper limit 速效钾Available K (mg·kg-1) Y=1/[1+ 0.000 014×(U-C)2] 300.084 871 Ut1= 0, Ut2=300.084 871 峰型Peak pH Y=1/[1+ 0.209 720×(U-C)2] 6.776 050 Ut1= 0.22, Ut2=13.32 峰型Peak 土壤容重Soil bulk density (g·cm-3) Y=1/[1+ 8.696 016×(U-C)2] 1.242 811 Ut1= 0.22, Ut2=2.26 Y表示指标隶属度, U表示样品观测值, C表示指标标准值, Ut1、Ut2表示指标下、上限值。Y indicates membership degree of index. U indicates sample observation value. C indicates standard value of index. Ut1 and Ut2 indicate the lower and upper limit value of index. 表 3 东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价定性指标隶属度
Table 3. Membership degrees of qualitative indexes of cultivated land quality evaluation in the typical black soil region of Northeast China
评价指标
Evaluation index属性
Attribute隶属度
Membership degree地形部位
Terrain position平原中阶Middle plain terrace 1.00 宽谷盆地Broad valley basin 0.96 平原高阶Upper plain terrace 0.89 丘陵下部Lower part of hill 0.78 丘陵中部Middle part of hill 0.77 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 0.75 山间盆地Intermontane basin 0.74 山地坡下Lower part of mountain slope 0.64 丘陵上部Upper part of hill 0.59 山地坡中Middle part of mountain slope 0.54 山地坡上Upper part of mountain slope 0.43 质地构型
Texture configuration上松下紧型Upper loose lower tight 1.00 海绵型Spongy 0.94 夹层型Sandwich 0.63 紧实型Compact 0.59 上紧下松型Upper tight lower loose 0.53 薄层型Thin layer 0.52 松散型Loose 0.38 灌溉能力
Irrigation capacity充分满足Fully satisfy 1.00 满足Satisfy 0.85 基本满足Basically satisfy 0.61 不满足Not satisfy 0.40 清洁程度
Cleaning degree清洁Cleaning 1.00 尚清洁Still cleaning 0.72 障碍因素
Obstacle factor无Nothing 1.00 障碍层次Obstacle layer 0.71 渍潜Waterlog 0.65 瘠薄Barren 0.56 酸化Acidification 0.55 盐碱Saline-alkaline 0.40 耕层质地
Arable layer texture中壤Medium loam 1.00 轻壤Light loam 0.88 重壤Heavy loam 0.84 砂壤Sandy loam 0.71 黏土Clay soil 0.60 砂土Sandy soil 0.48 生物多样性
Biodiversity丰富Abundant 1.00 一般General 0.69 不丰富Deficient 0.41 农田林网化程度
Degree of field forest network高High 1.00 中Middle 0.79 低Low 0.53 排水能力
Drainage capability充分满足Fully satisfy 1.00 满足Satisfy 0.83 基本满足Basically satisfy 0.59 不满足Not satisfy 0.30 表 4 东北典型黑土区耕地质量综合指数分级
Table 4. Classification of comprehensive index of cultivated land quality in typical black soil areas in Northeast China
耕地质量
Cultivated land quality等级
Grade耕地质量综合指数
Integrated fertility index高等
High quality1 > 0.828 4 2 0.807 0~0.828 4 3 0.785 6~0.807 0 中等
Medium quality4 0.764 2~0.785 6 5 0.742 8~0.764 2 6 0.721 4~0.742 8 低等
Low quality7 0.700 0~0.721 4 8 0.678 6~0.700 0 9 0.657 2~0.678 6 10 ≤0.657 2 表 5 2008和2018年东北典型黑土区不同质量等级耕地面积及占比
Table 5. Areas and proportions of different quality grades of cultivated land in the typical black soil areas in Northeast China in 2008 and 2018
等级
Grade2008 2018 面积
Area (104hm2)占比
Percent (%)面积
Area (104hm2)占比
Percent (%)高等地
High level1 26.72 3.22 63.26 7.62 2 39.34 4.73 113.94 13.72 3 75.08 9.04 163.95 19.75 中等地
Medium level4 147.09 17.72 201.79 24.30 5 185.92 22.39 146.12 17.60 6 167.78 20.21 70.56 8.50 低等地
Low level7 116.72 14.06 50.73 6.11 8 55.43 6.68 17.35 2.09 9 13.22 1.59 2.22 0.27 10 2.96 0.36 0.34 0.04 总计Total 830.26 100.00 830.26 100.00 平均质量等级
Average grade5.14 3.92 表 6 2008—2018年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级变化面积对比
Table 6. Comparison of area changes of cultivated land quality grades in the typical black soil region of Northeast China from 2008 to 2018
等级变化
Grade change面积
Area (104hm2)占比
Percentage (%)-8 0.01 0.00 -7 2.20 0.27 -6 8.48 1.02 -5 22.10 2.66 -4 66.74 8.04 -3 116.99 14.09 -2 140.51 16.92 -1 183.11 22.05 0 136.79 16.48 1 89.95 10.83 2 37.22 4.48 3 17.03 2.05 4 5.93 0.71 5 2.88 0.35 6 0.24 0.03 7 0.08 0.01 等级变化负值表示耕地质量等级提升, 正值表示等级下降。The negative values of grade change means increase of cultivated land quality, while positive value means the decline of cultivated land quality grade. 表 7 东北典型黑土区不同等级耕地典型地块实地调查信息对照
Table 7. Field survey information of typical plots of different quality grades of cultivated land in the typical black soil region of Northeast China
地点
Location评价等级
Grade有效磷
Available P (mg·kg-1)有效土层厚度
Effective soil layer thickness (cm)耕层厚度
Arable layer thickness (cm)地形部位
Terrain positionpH 灌溉能力
Irrigation capacity有机质
Organic matter (g·kg-1)耕层质地
Arable layer texture梨树县Lishu County 1 60.86 100 22.00 平原中阶Middle plain terrace 7.24 满足Satisfy 35.15 中壤Medium loam 兰西县Lanxi County 2 48.99 96 17.25 平原中阶Middle plain terrace 7.51 满足Satisfy 27.40 中壤Medium loam 望奎县Wangkui County 3 43.64 100 18.90 丘陵下部Lower part of hill 6.97 基本满足Basically satisfy 37.40 重壤Heavy loam 嫩江县Nenjiang County 4 56.41 70 20.01 丘陵中部Middle part of hill 5.76 不满足Not satisfy 55.83 重壤Heavy loam 拜泉县Baiquan County 5 54.67 79 24.73 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 6.60 不满足Not satisfy 39.85 重壤Heavy loam 榆树市Yushu City 6 33.72 85 20.19 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 5.42 基本满足Basically satisfy 25.23 中壤Medium loam 农安县Nong’an County 7 15.67 90 18.23 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 7.80 不满足Not satisfy 28.86 重壤Heavy loam 巴彦县Bayan County 8 86.71 45 15.41 丘陵上部Upper part of hill 5.64 不满足Not satisfy 37.26 重壤Heavy loam 北林区Beilin District 9 17.28 34 14.80 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 5.46 基本满足Basically satisfy 30.34 黏土Clay soil 松北区Songbei District 10 30.23 27 18.89 平原低阶Lower plain terrace 5.64 不满足Not satisfy 29.65 砂壤Sandy loam -
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