Abstract: The reality of global climate change has already led to the global food crisis and increased risk of starvation. As a major grain production region, three provinces in Northeast China are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This article categorized the effects of climate change and extreme climate events on the production of maize, rice and soybean in three provinces of Northeast China, summarized the main research methods, climate change and their effects on food crops, the countermeasures to climate change, and further reviewed the challenges of the major research methodology and fields (1) Statistical analysis, crop modeling, and field experiments are the main techniques for examining how climate change and extreme climate events affect the crop growth and yield. While crop modeling and field experiments offer the most powerful mechanistic insights, statistical analysis is the most extensively used practical approach. (2) Climate change is evident in the three northeastern provinces, and drought has steadily replaced the low-temperature cold damage as the main agricultural disaster over time. (3) Climate change has been favorable to crop yield in the Northeast provinces. Global warming improves heat resources in Northeast China. Crop-growing areas are gradually moving northward, and varieties are shifting from early to medium-late maturity. (4) As global warming continues to intensify, it’s crucial to opt for crop varieties in the future that demonstrate robust resilience to high temperatures, drought, cold, and other environmental challenges. Additionally, agricultural irrigation systems should be enhanced resilience against drought and flood disasters. The safeguard the health of soil and ensure food, new agricultural management techniques should also be taken into account. (5) There is a need to intensify research on the compensatory of CO₂ and on pests and diseases in the future, enhance the study and improvement of crop models, to better address the adverse impacts of climate change on food security.