Effect of swine manure with different composting times onsoil fauna community and peanut yield

To establish a standard for the maturity of swine waste compost, the performances of composts with different composting durations were analyzed in a 2010 to 2011 peanut-field experiment. The swine waste composting durations were 0, 10, 20 and 30 days, respectively. The controls were no fertilization and chemical fertilization. Soil fauna were isolated and trapped by hand and Tullgren collection methods. The highest peanut yield (6 713.4 kg·hm^{-2) was observed in the treatment of swine waste composted for 30 days. The 30-day compost yield was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those for 0, 10 and 20 days and also that of the blank control. Variance analysis for the hand-collected macrofauna showed no significant difference among treatments in terms of individual number, group number, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness index. However, significant differences existed in individual number (F=2.69, P<0.05, df=5) and evenness index (F=6.40, P<0.001, df=5) for collected meshfauna via the Tullgren funnel method. The order of the treatments in terms of individual number was as follows: swine waste composted for 10 days > swine waste composted for 30 days > swine waste composted for 0 day > swine waste composted for 20 days > chemical control > blank control. Also the order in terms of evenness was as follows: swine waste composted for 0 day > blank control > swine waste composted for 20 days > chemical control > swine waste composted for 10 days > swine waste composted for 30 days. However, either by the hand or the Tullgren method did the four indices vary significantly among sampling dates (P < 0.01). S?rensen index and Whittaker index showed close similarities for both macro- and mesh-fauna communities across the treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that the numbers of macro-fauna individual and group were negatively correlated with swine compost total nitrogen (r= 0.951 and 0.967, respectively, P < 0.05). Individual number was also negatively correlated with peanut yield (r= 0.916,P < 0.1), and Shannon-Wiener index of micro-fauna community was positively correlated with humus matters (R=0.916,P < 0.1). However, meshfauna group number was negatively correlated with humic acid (r= 0.958,P< 0.05) and total phosphorus (r= 0.917, P < 0.1), and positively correlated with pH and fulvic acid (r=0.919 and 0.921, respectively, P < 0.1) in swine compost. Principle component analysis for fauna community showed that Orthoptera, Acariformes, Araneida, Diplopoda, etc. were the main macrofauna orders; and Collembala, Hymenoptera, Protura, Opiliones, Diplura, Coleoptera, Diptera, etc. were the main meshfauna orders in soils fertilized with swine manure composted for 30 days. Compared with low-maturity swine manure (composted for 10 days or 20 days), application of high-maturity swine manure (composted for 30 days) significantly improved peanut production. In soils with high-maturity swine manure, macrofauna individual and group numbers were low and community diversity and evenness indices high. However, meshfauna individual number was high, meshfauna group number low, community diversity index low and evenness index significantly low.}