不同发酵方式猪粪堆肥配施化肥对夏玉米土壤理化特性及NH3挥发影响研究

Effects of combined application of swine manure compost fermented by different methods with chemical fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties and NH3 volatilization of summer maize

    摘要
  • 摘要: 研究不同发酵方式猪粪堆肥配施化肥对夏玉米产量、肥料利用率、土壤理化性质、团聚体稳定性、酶活性和NH3挥发损失影响效应, 以期为华北平原农田玉米合理施肥及土壤培肥与地力提升提供支撑。2023年于河南省原阳县河南农业大学科教园区布置不同发酵方式猪粪堆肥配施化肥田间试验(有机肥∶化肥=25%∶75%), 共设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(T1)、自然堆肥+化肥(T2)、水调控槽式堆肥+化肥(T3)、酸调控槽式堆肥+化肥(T4)和槽式堆肥+化肥(T5) 6个处理。分别于夏玉米播种前及拔节期、大喇叭口期、灌浆期和成熟期采集0~20 cm耕层土壤样品, 测试分析土壤pH, 铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量及土壤容重, 脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性, 耕层土壤团聚体稳定性、碳氮比及土壤NH3挥发动态与累积效应, 并于夏玉米成熟期测定计算其产量及肥料利用率。结果表明, 与CK和T1相比, 猪粪堆肥配施化肥可显著提高夏玉米产量, 处理间以T4最高, 产量分别显著增加39.9%和15.7%; 此外, 猪粪堆肥配施化肥均可有效提高土壤速效养分及有机质含量, 降低土壤pH及容重, 且以T4效果最佳。与T1相比, T4处理0.25~2 mm、≤2 mm土壤团聚体分布比例及各粒级团聚体碳氮比分别平均增加45.40%、67.11%和26.47%。土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性以T4最高, 较T1于各时期平均增幅分别为26.76%、24.89%和26.15%。此外, 猪粪堆肥配施化肥可有效降低土壤NH3挥发通量峰值与累积量, 较T1处理平均降低27.44%、30.15%; 且处理间仍以T4减排效应最佳, 比T2、T3和T5处理NH3挥发累积量分别平均降低23.52%、20.99%和20.51%。较T1相比, T4处理氮、磷、钾肥肥料利用率分别平均提升23.52%、20.99%和20.51%。综上所述, 酸调控槽式堆肥与化肥25%∶75%配施可有效提高夏玉米产量及土壤养分含量, 改善土壤团聚体结构及土壤碳氮比, 增强土壤酶活性, 降低土壤氮素挥发损失, 提高肥料利用水平, 该结果为华北平原化肥减施增效及土壤地力提升提供理论与实践参考。

     

    Abstract: This study investigated the effects of swine manure composts from different fermentation methods combined with chemical fertilizers on summer maize yield, fertilizer use efficiency, soil physicochemical properties, aggregate stability, enzyme activities, and NH3 volatilization losses, aiming to provide theoretical support for rational fertilization and soil fertility improvement in North China Plain maize fields. In 2023, a field experiment with different swine manure composting methods combined with chemical fertilizers (organic fertilizer∶chemical fertilizer = 25%∶75%) was conducted at the Science & Education Park of Henan Agricultural University in Yuanyang County, Henan Province. Six treatments were established: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (T1), natural composting + chemical fertilizer (T2), water-regulated trough composting + chemical fertilizer (T3), acid-regulated trough composting + chemical fertilizer (T4), and trough composting + chemical fertilizer (T5). Soil samples from 0-20 cm depth were collected at five growth stages: pre-sowing, jointing, bell mouth, filling, and maturity stages. Analysis included soil pH, ammonium-N, nitrate-N, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter content, bulk density, urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities, aggregate stability, C/N ratio, and NH3 flux dynamics. Maize yield and fertilizer use efficiency were determined at maturity. Results showed that compared with CK and T1, compost-fertilizer combinations significantly increased maize yield, with T4 showing the highest yield (39.9% and 15.7% increases respectively). All compost treatments enhanced soil available nutrients and organic matter while reducing pH and bulk density, with T4 exhibiting optimal effects. Compared to T1, T4 increased 0.25-2 mm and ≤2 mm aggregate proportions by 45.40% and 67.11%, respectively, with 26.47% higher aggregate C/N ratios. Soil enzyme activities peaked in T4, showing 26.76%, 24.89%, and 26.15% increases in urease, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities versus T1. Compost treatments reduced peak NH3 flux and cumulative emissions by 27.44% and 30.15% compared to T1, with T4 showing maximum reduction (23.52%, 20.99%, and 20.51% lower than T2-T5). T4 improved N, P, and K use efficiencies by 23.52%, 20.99%, and 20.51% respectively versus T1. In conclusion, acid-regulated trough compost combined with chemical fertilizers at 25%:75% ratio effectively enhances maize productivity, soil nutrients, aggregate structure, C/N ratio, and enzyme activities while reducing N losses and improving fertilizer efficiency, providing both theoretical and practical guidance for sustainable intensification in North China Plain croplands.

     

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