Abstract: High-quality agricultural development in China faces multiple challenges, such as bottlenecks in scientific and technological innovation and transformation, imbalances in factor allocation, and insufficient integration of industrial chains. There is an urgent need to reconstruct technology, factors, and industrial systems using new quality-productive forces to solve the synergistic problems of production efficiency, resource utilization, and sustainability. This study employs literature analysis and the inductive deduction method based on three major factors of new quality productive forces: technological revolutionary breakthrough, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. It focuses on three major systems of high-quality agricultural development: modern agricultural production, the modern agricultural management, and the modern agricultural industry systems. Technical dilemmas are mainly manifest as insufficient research and development investment, difficulties in technology promotion, limited technical adaptability, and insufficient protection of intellectual property rights. This factor dilemma is primarily demonstrated through imperfect data acquisition and sharing mechanisms, weak data security and privacy protection, a lack of supply of agricultural financial services, and an imperfect financial risk assessment system. The industrial dilemma is primarily due to the limited development of emerging formats, insufficient brand building and market trust, uncertainty in market demand, poor feedback mechanisms, and insufficient integration and synergy of the industrial chain. This study proposes a key path for new quality productive forces to empower high-quality agricultural development, aiming to provide new ideas for high-quality agricultural development. The results indicate that 1) new quality productive forces supply new agricultural tools, materials, and methodologies for high-quality agricultural development through technology, factors, and industry; 2) new quality productive forces empower high-quality agricultural development to address technical, factor, and industrial difficulties; and 3) the key pathway of new quality productive forces to empower high-quality agricultural development mainly includes technology empowerment and stimulating new vitality, upgrading elements to enhance new efficiency, industrial optimization, and the cultivation of new business formats. New productive forces propel the leap in total factor productivity through scientific and technological innovation, providing core momentum for agricultural modernization. In the future, it will be essential to strengthen technological adaptability, factor mobility, and industrial resilience to offer theoretical support and practical paradigms for the construction of agricultural power.