Abstract: Gansu Province, located in the arid and semi-arid region of northwestern China, has long faced multiple challenges, including water scarcity, increased soil erosion and fragile ecological carrying capacity, and its complex and diverse geography has further magnified the plight of agricultural development. Promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture and realizing the synergy between ecological environmental protection and high-quality development of agriculture have become the key paths for sustainable development in the region. Based on the connotation of agricultural green and low-carbon transformation, this study constructs the evaluation index system of agricultural green and low-carbon transformation level in Gansu Province, and adopts the rank-and-ratio comprehensive evaluation method based on the CRITIC-entropy weight combination empowerment method, the Hurst index, and the Terre index to measure and analyze the agricultural green and low-carbon transformation, spatial and temporal characteristics, trends and regional differences of agriculture in Gansu Province in the period of 2008−2022, based on which, with the help of the fuzzy set of indexes, we analyze the agricultural green and low-carbon transformation in Gansu Province. Based on this, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fsQCA) was used to analyze the optimization path of agricultural green low-carbon transition in Gansu Province. The results of the study show that: 1) during the period of 2008−2022, the overall level of agricultural green and low-carbon transformation in Gansu Province showed a slow growth trend, with an average annual growth rate of 0.19%, and significant regional differences (west of the river>Longzhong>south of the east of the Longnan), with a spatial distribution characteristic of “high in the west and low in the east”. Among them, the contribution of agricultural modernization and resource conservation dimension is relatively prominent, while the greening and low-carbon dimension is relatively weak and slow to improve, becoming a key bottleneck restricting the depth of the overall transformation. 2) The overall green and low-carbon transformation of Gansu Province's agriculture is on an upward trend, but the inter-regional differences are obvious; the west of the river and the Longzhong region is on an upward trend, and the south of the Longdong region is on a downward trend. 3)The overall difference in the level of agricultural green low-carbon transformation in Gansu Province is small, the inter-area difference is significantly higher than the intra-area difference, the most prominent difference in Longzhong area, and the relative balance in Hexi. 4) There are three types of high agricultural green low-carbon transition level grouping paths of technological environment support type, organizational environment driven type, coordination and integration driven type, and environmental factors appear as core conditions in all paths.