Abstract: Nitrogen, as a key nutrient element for crop growth, has led to increasingly prominent ecological and environmental problems due to its excessive application. Under the strategic demands of ensuring food security and achieving dual carbon goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), reducing nitrogen fertilizer losses while stabilizing or increasing grain yield has become a research hotspot. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and urease inhibitors (UIs), as two important types of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency enhancers, are recognized for their potential in promoting high-efficiency nitrogen utilization and achieving high crop yields. Extensive research has been conducted in this area, and these inhibitors are now widely applied in rice production. This paper introduces the key processes of soil nitrogen transformation, reviews the effects of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency enhancers on nitrogen losses such as NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emissions, and N leaching in paddy fields, and analyzes their impacts on rice growth and yield formation. It also identifies the limitations of current research on nitrogen fertilizer enhancers, including diversified product development, novel fertilization techniques, and their effectiveness under different cultivation practices. This work aims to provide a foundation for the innovative application of nitrogen efficiency-enhancing technologies in rice production.