Abstract: As a way of efficient utilization of resources and ecological environment protection, rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture of paddy fields in southern China is of great significance to ensure food security, increase farmers' income and improve dietary structure. Based on the analysis of the current situation of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in southern China, this paper summarizes the development achievements in recent years, expounds the existing problems, and puts forward specific high-quality development strategies, in order to provide theoretical reference for promoting the high-quality development of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in southern China. By using the methods of literature analysis and summary induction, the development significance, effectiveness, problems and strategies of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in southern China have been analyzed. In recent years, rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture have developed rapidly in southern rice fields. In 2022, the area of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture have reached nearly 2.5 million hectares in southern rice fields, with a yield of over 3.7 million tons of aquatic products. There are various models of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in paddy fields across the southern region, and the economic, social, and ecological benefits achieved are significant. Currently, there are a lot of problems in rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in paddy fields of southern, which including: Firstly, the area of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture is relatively small in the southern region; Secondly, there is a certain degree of environmental pollution in some areas of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture; Thirdly, unreasonable ecological cultivation in rice fields can easily cause damage and destruction to resources; Fourthly, there is a lack of coordination in rice cultivation in some areas, which poses a safety hazard to food security. In the future, in order to promote the high-quality development of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture in southern paddy fields towards large-scale operation, green transformation, standardized production, industrial integration, brand leadership, and digital transformation, the following specific countermeasures and measures must be taken: (1) To ensure grain area and to maintain food security; (2) To strictly manage resources and to maintain resource security; (3) To strictly control chemical investment and to maintain ecological security; (4) To optimize the mode of rice ecological cultivation and aquaculture of paddy fields and to improve comprehensive benefits; (5) To strengthen technological research and development and to develop supporting technologies; (6) To cultivate new farmers and to achieve high-quality development.