Abstract: Faced with the increasingly prominent degradation of China's arable land quality and its severe constraints on food security and sustainable agricultural development, it is imperative to research and explore feasible pathways to address this issue. While agricultural cooperative economic organizations have played a positive role in integrating rural resources and serving agricultural economic development, their effectiveness in allocating various rural resources, optimizing agricultural production methods, and enhancing arable land quality management remains to be examined. In response, Zhejiang Province has pioneered an innovative approach by establishing the Farmers' Cooperative Economic Organization Federation (referred to as the “Triple-Function” Federation), which integrates production, supply and marketing, and credit services. This initiative aims to create a multi-dimensional, composite modern agricultural production and operation service system that effectively bridges social collaboration with specialized division of labor through functional integration. To scientifically evaluate this policy's actual effectiveness and operational mechanisms in improving farmland quality, this study employs multi-period difference-in-differences models and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis based on Zhejiang's 2014-2023 township panel data. It empirically examines the impact effects and configuration pathways of the “Triple-Function” Federation pilot policy on farmland quality enhancement. The findings reveal: (1) The implementation of the Agricultural Cooperative Federation pilot policy significantly improved farmland quality. This conclusion holds after parallel trend tests, placebo tests, and other robustness checks. (2) Configuration path analysis grounded in resource orchestration theory reveals that resource orchestration and structure-capability approaches constitute the specific pathways through which the “three-in-one” service policy of agricultural cooperatives achieves high farmland quality indices. Based on these findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations to further strengthen the resource integration capabilities and service hub functions of agricultural cooperatives, thereby effectively enhancing the positive impact of their “three-in-one” services on farmland quality improvement.