不同有机物料添加对土壤氮素分布和损失的影响*

    摘要
  • 摘要: 为探讨不同有机物料添加对白洋淀农田土壤氮素环境效应的影响，基于田间试验，设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）、化肥+有机肥（NPKO）、化肥+秸秆覆盖（NPKS）、化肥+秸秆旋耕（NPKSS）、化肥+秸秆制生物炭（NPKB）6个处理，系统分析了土壤氮素分布、淋溶损失、N₂O排放及玉米产量的差异。结果表明：（1）白洋淀流域农田土壤无机氮以硝态氮为主，80—100 cm土层存在硝态氮累积峰；苗期NPKB、NPKO、NPKS和NPKSS处理0—140 cm土层硝态氮储量分别较NPK处理低13.49%、24.67%、11.50%和19.81%，成熟期NPKB、NPKS和NPKSS处理储量分别较NPK处理高40.34%、33.43%和39.57%。（2）苗期为土壤无机氮淋失关键期，NPKO、NPKB和NPKS处理无机氮淋失总量分别较NPK处理减少20.31%、17.39%和14.06%，控制淋失效果显著，NPKSS处理控制淋失效果有限。（3）施肥后4—5天达N₂O排放峰值，NPKO处理减排效果最突出，两周内累积排放量较NPK处理低39.13%，NPKB处理次之，降低20.50%，NPKSS处理降低13.04%，NPKS处理无明显减排效果。（4）NPKO处理玉米产量最高，但各有机物料添加处理与NPK处理差异均不显著。总体来看，化肥与有机肥配施是协调白洋淀流域农业生产和环境保护的最优措施，秸秆制生物炭添加是有效的替代方案。

     

    Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of different organic materials on the soil nitrogen-related environmental impacts in farmland of Baiyangdian, a field experiment was conducted with six treatments: no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer only (NPK), chemical fertilizer + organic manure (NPKO), chemical fertilizer + straw mulching (NPKS), chemical fertilizer + straw rotary tillage (NPKSS), and chemical fertilizer + straw-derived biochar (NPKB). The differences in soil nitrogen distribution, leaching loss, N₂O emission, and maize yield were systematically analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Inorganic nitrogen in farmland soils of the Baiyangdian watershed was dominated by nitrate nitrogen, with a nitrate nitrogen accumulation peak in the 80–100 cm soil layer. At the seedling stage, nitrate nitrogen storage in the 0–140 cm soil layer under NPKB, NPKO, NPKS, and NPKSS treatments was 13.49%, 24.67%, 11.50%, and 19.81% lower than that under the NPK treatment, respectively. At maturity, nitrate nitrogen storage under NPKB, NPKS, and NPKSS treatments was 40.34%, 33.43%, and 39.57% higher than that under NPK, respectively. (2) The seedling stage was the key period of soil inorganic nitrogen leaching. Total inorganic nitrogen leaching under NPKO, NPKB, and NPKS treatments was reduced by 20.31%, 17.39%, and 14.06% compared to NPK, respectively, showing significant leaching control effects, while the effect under NPKSS treatment was limited. (3) N₂O emission peaks occurred 4–5 days after fertilization. The NPKO treatment exhibited the most prominent emission reduction effect, with the cumulative emissions over two weeks 39.13% lower than that of NPK, followed by NPKB (20.50% lower) and NPKSS (13.04% lower), while NPKS showed no significant reduction effect. (4) The NPKO treatment resulted in the highest maize yield, but no significant differences were observed between any organic material addition treatments and NPK. Overall, combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure is the optimal measure for coordinating agricultural production and environmental protection in the Baiyangdian watershed, and straw-derived biochar addition is an effective alternative.

     

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